India's Five Years Plan

And as a result of all this our country has been converted from an agrarian into an industrial country; for the proportion of industrial output, as compared with agricultural output, has risen from 48 per cent of the total in the beginning of the Five-Year Plan period (1928) to 70 per cent at the end of the fourth year of the Five-Year Plan period (1932)….

Another way modernization is illustrated in India is through agriculture and industry, notwithstanding the effects it had on Indians. Industry guided India to a much stronger economy, arguably guiding them to holding a spot in the top ten economies in the world (O.I). Irrigation cultivated approximately 30 million acres, awarding the country great agricultural wealth. Along with wealth also came a disappearance of the famines in India. Collectively, the country of India as a whole benefited from this modernization as it set a higher standard of living for the population.

India, at the time, had two and a half times as many people (461 million) as in Latin America, on a landmass about one-fifteenth as large (~3 million km2) (Hesser 77, India.gov, World Bank Group). The Indian citizenry was reluctant to adopt his scheme of crop management due to xenophobia and deep enculturation into traditional lifeways. To counter this resistance, Borlaug came up with the “Kick-Off Approach” (KOA), a tripartite program which manipulated three factors of diffusion: technical, psychological, and economic. The technical aspect was accomplished in successful local experimental nursery field trials managed by students under his supervision. Psychological, via Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, who lent credence to the campaign by transplanting a flower garden in her front lawn with the Mexican dwarf wheat, which flourished. And, economically, through government action proposed by Borlaug: provide credit for farmers to purchase fertilizers and seed in advance of the planting season and to guarantee a fair market price for grain crops. Upon acceptance, which came after a struggle with various high-ranking diplomats to adopt the KOA to-the-letter, India experienced dramatic increases in food production - beyond the original forecast (Hesser

In 1928, Joseph Stalin created a plan that would change Russian industrialization for the better. This plan was called the Five Year Plan. The plan focused on new developments on steel, machine-tools, and the

The British rule in India can be summarised in two facts which are “India’s per capita income went stagnant from 1757 to 1947” and “the life expectancy of Indians fell by 20 percent” (Davis, 2000). This shows that the British rule in India was not one in which India flourished but it deteriorated. The British brought about changes in all spheres of life. There brought about many social, cultural and economic changes however, this paper will only focus on the economic aspect of colonialism. The British tried to commercialise Indian agriculture and therefore, promoted cash crop farming. They forced farmers to move away from traditional and subsistence based farming and practice cash crop farming. This shift caused many farmers to suffer as they did not get much share in the profit even though the demand for cash crops like cotton and wheat was very high. The farmers fell into poverty and lived in terrible conditions whereas, the middle

Stalin began his replacement of the NEP with the first of the Five Year Plans. The First Five Year Plan concentrated on heavy industry, such as coal, iron, steel, oil, and machine production in order to improve the nation’s industrialization by 300% (Marshi). Also, to insure that sufficient electricity is maintained, electricity production was planned to increase by 600% (Marshi). After the First Five Year Plan failed, the Second Five Year Plan was put into place. Its intention was to create a fully socialist economy with the disappearance of money within 1933-1937 (Marshi). The Second Plan was mainly built upon the achievements of the First Plan, ultimately realizing the successes of the First Plan. While the Second Five Year Plan did not fail, Stalin still set even higher goals initiating the Third Five Year Plan which lasted up until 1941. The Third Five Year Plan was focused on huge increases of production, and completing the process the first two plans laid the foundation for, enabling the USSR to begin the transition to communism (Oxbridge). Stalin’s propensity to increase production was also found in his want to increase agricultural productivity, evidenced by collectivization. Collectivization was put into place in order to finance the industrial development of the USSR as it could not do this with the old fashioned methods of strip farming, which used antiquated technology (Rudbeck).

For approximately 200 years, Great Britain had ruled over the Indian subcontinent. After Robert Clive’s forces won the Battle of Plassey, the East India Company had gained some power in 1757 (Ray). Before the period of British rule known as the Raj, India’s economy had been stable for some centuries. The Company had soon taken advantage of the strong framework in place, monopolizing industry and taking political control as well. India’s already large and growing population provided cheap labor for a subsistence economy installed within the nation that did not encourage industrial development. Because everything could be imported so cheaply from India without duty, India’s existing industries had no protection from British competition

In development plan, identify area of strength, area of weakness and area of development. Identify action plan against each area and each area should be precise, measureable, appropriate, achievable and time

To consolidate his power in the communist government, Stalin launched the five-year plans with a mission to increase the total industrial output by 250 percent and agricultural production by 150 percent. His government thought that economic development will help U.S.S.R to catch up with the West. As part of this economic program, he ordered the collectivization of agriculture. His order led to an economic disaster and shortage of basic necessities as "large numbers of peasants opposed to the change slaughtered their animals and burned the crops rather than turn them over to the state." This resulted in a severe decrease in agricultural output throughout the years. (A History of Western Society: The Five-Year Plans, p. 903) To strengthen his position and solidify his control in the Communist Party,

Even though the first, second and third Five Year Plans had been heavily concentrated on the heavy industries such as coal and steel, which proved to be

It began the later years of the decade when Stalin introduced numerous five-year plans intended to redesign the Soviet Union. Under his rule, the USSR would be transformed from a peasant society into an industrial superpower. His plan set forth government control of the economy and included the forced collectivization of Soviet agriculture. Farmers who refused to abide by his orders were exiled or killed. These actions led to a widespread famine to which millions fell

iii. Yes! Planners differ from those of their opponents as much as with regard to the significance and frequency of changes which will make substantial alterations of production plans necessary. Of course, if detailed economic plans could be laid down for fairly long periods in advance and then closely adhered to, so that no further economic decisions of importance would be required, the task of drawing up a comprehensive plan governing all economic activity would be much less formidable.

The planning determines which actions the company must take to accomplish her targets. Based on the planning the company can take into account required capital, staff needs, patenting, etc.

We, in Malaysia, as mentioned earlier, have also adopted planned developmental economy and introduced five year plans. For example, our National Development Plan.

As a major financial control strategy, the President Park established the Economic Planning Board (EPB) in July 1961. The decision-making in the government became decentralized through granting extensive autonomy to the quasi-government organizations including the Economic Planning Board. The EPB committee was consisted of several policymaking functions of different ministries. The EPB took over the entire budgetary function from the Ministry of Finance, as well as the collection and evaluation of national statistics from the Ministry of International Affairs. The duties included deciding which industries and firms to promote, supervising both the development and the implementation of planning of each ministry’s activities. The EPB was in charge of formulating and monitoring implementations and budget of Five Year economic development plans. Detailed information was reported to the President at the monthly economic briefings. Consequently the EPB became more influential in economic planning decisions, and their growth greatly strengthened the power of Ministry of Commerce and Industry.