Indigenous Cultures And Contemporary Realties

the land they claim, it simply gives them the right to a say in the

Australia was first claimed by Captain Cook in early 1770, but it wasn’t settled until 1788 when the first fleet of 11 ships arrived at Botany Bay, carrying 1,530 passengers - mostly convicts, as well as some marines and officers. They moved to Port Jackson to begin establishing a settlement. Specific prisoners were chosen for the trip, the ones with skills in building, farming and other things that would have been useful to create a “liveable” environment for the new inhabitants. The first “free” settlers only arrived in 1793, thus beginning the colonisation of New South Wales.

Describe and explain Australian Indigenous people’s historical and contemporary connections to land and sea and the resources derived from them. How have settler discourses associated with colonization affected these connections to country?

Before the protection act was placed, the Australia white settlers attempted to assimilate the Indigenous people into a white society, making them wear their clothes and learn their customs. In the 1830s, the British government decided that there had to be more done to protect the Aboriginal people. So, four ‘protectorates’ were set up in Victoria (william, 2014). The protectorates set aside land for the Indigenous people to protect them from aggressive white people; however, it failed in the long term. The government kept trying to find ways to improve the Indigenous peoples way of life, but never once consider that the Aboriginal community saw nothing wrong with how they lived and didn’t realize that they have been living off the land for thousands of years. The only reason they now needed to be “protected” was because of the white settlers stealing their land and trying to convert them into a white way of living. The introduction of the new diseases started killing off the Aboriginal community, so the Australia government made a reserve for the community to die peacefully, however, instead of dying out, the Indigenous population started to grow. On the reserves, they were safe from the white settlers and now had the freedom to practice their traditions. Though, this freedom

-White settlement affected the Indigenous people in a number of ways”{They} made them (the Aboriginals) outcasts on their own land*” by calling it terra nullius under the English Law, despite knowing the existence of the Aboriginals. Terra nullius is a latin term that means “land that belongs to no one.”They believed it belonged to no one because the Aboriginals didn’t use the land in the same way as the British. The Aboriginals believed that Mother Nature would provide them with what they needed, so they didn’t need to hunt and mark the land. The British completely ignored the deep spiritual connections the Aboriginals had with the land. They cut down trees, put up fences and built towns. They believed they had to own the land. But the Aboriginals were outraged when saw the settlers building farms where they had originally been hunting and gathering at, this was because there wasn’t enough food for them. They killed many white settlers in revenge and a clash of cultures began. Pemulwuy was an Aboriginal warrior that lead raids against the British. He also speared John McIntyre, Governor Phillip's gamekeeper, in December 1790. When the Indigenous people resisted the British, it lead to many conflicts which eventually left a irreversible damage to the lives of Indigenous people.

As the English population began to increase, Aboriginal people were moved into missions in 1810, so the population could be manages and they were taught the European ways so they could be used as low paid labours, border lining slaves (Creative Spirits, 2002). When the Aboriginal people failed to move to Christianity and ‘civilised’ life, the Europeans thought it was due to the lack of intellectual ability because they didn’t understand the “complexity and holding power of the traditional culture and religion” to the Aboriginals (Psychology and Indigenous Australians, Foundations of Cultural Competence, 2009, pp. 77). The separation of Aboriginals from the community into missions was known as segregation. In the early 20th century, the Indigenous Australians all throughout the nation were exposed to the ‘protection legislation’ which in turn, denied them of their basic human rights as well as the freedom that was demanded by every other Australian. Aboriginals were increasingly moved of farms where they worked like slaves and put into government or church controlled reserves where they were expected to die out (Psychology and Indigenous Australians, Foundations of Cultural Competence, 2009, pp. 79). On the Australian census at this time, Aboriginals were still considered as

Consequently, the indigenous Australians were considered a primitive race, with no obvious system of local law, and Australia was deemed uninhabited land under the doctrine of Terra Nullius - thereby, allowing Britain to claim sovereignty over it

Noel Pearson’s speech ‘an Australian history for us all’ discusses his approach to trying to solve some of the most systemic problems facing Australian Aboriginals today. The speakers are successful in understanding the ideas and values of the speech. Through the uses of various language techniques and context, Pearson’s speech details the struggles of the relationship between the first European settlers and Aboriginal Australians.

Broome points out in the early 20th century indigenous people were controlled in two ways by the Europeans. First was being controlled by special legislation, known as the ‘Aboriginal protection Boards’ which imprisoned people on reserves, their daily routines and family gathering split that denied aboriginals civil rights. Second control was by unauthorized customary discrimination, known as ‘caste barrier’, which were against aboriginals on their basis of their skin colour. Broome presents the ways of how indigenous people were treated and discriminated from certain areas.

From the beginning of the white settlement on the 18th January 1788, Indigenous Australians had many difficulties in which the Europeans had caused; 90% of the Aboriginal population got wiped out e.g. common diseases (they didn’t know how to treat it) and direct attacks. Non-Indigenous Australians today now strive for reconciliation with Indigenous people. Reconciliation aims to build better relation ships between Aboriginals and non-Aboriginal people. Some of the major themes of reconciliation for Indigenous Australians include the preconisation of them being the first people of Australia, the elimination of racism and discrimination and closing the gap in the health, social and economic outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.

Australia has a long history, known for its vast associations and engagement with the Indigenous population. Ever since European settlement, and the colonisation that occurred, Indigenous Australians have suffered significantly, with ongoing problems of poverty, adversity and difficulties such as issues with legislation and overcoming the impact of The Stolen Generations. Prior to colonisation and before sovereignty was imposed, the indigenous population saw themselves as part of the land and the land owning them with a profound spiritual connection, argued to have been self-sufficient and operating their own authority. Because there was no written system of law and no hierarchy of courts enforcing authority to show or prove land ownership

In 1788 the first Fleet arrived in Australia bringing European soldierse, convicts and settlers. This bought aboriginals in contact with white people for the first time. Some aboriginal groups tried to resist this occupation and they used violence and force the archive it. This essay will explain why that resistance was justified by examining the causes, identifying some examples of Indigenous resistance and will assess short and long term effects of this conflict.

Ironically, the civilised people who brought the ‘improvements’ could not cope to live in peace with the natives, where countless Aboriginal lives vanished under the ‘superior’ governance of the new settlers. Regardless which part of the continent including Tasmania, the history has shown many unfair

The process of colonisation by European powers, as might be expected, has had a radical effect on Aboriginal culture. The settlers viewed the natives as barbarians, seizing tribal land and, in many cases, following a policy of pacification by force. Many others died of disease, starvation, cultural dislocation and neglect. Today, there are fewer than 230,000 Aborigines in Australia, less than 2% of the population.

Essay introduction approx. 200 words There has been much controversy and debate over the issue of frontier violence and conflict between colonial settlers and indigenous Australians during early colonisation of Australia. While some historians contend that the evidence of frontier violence and indigenous deaths has been overestimated, others argue that the figures are potentially under estimated. There is ample evidence to indicate violence and deaths did