Indonesia: A Profile Essay

The breakdown of the governmental system had made people refuse to acknowledge the government’s law because they wanted to develop things that they think would do good for them and the society. People can revolt when the government becomes destructive, because they have the right to abolish it and form a new one. The motives of the revolution were when the Dutch came back to the Netherlands during the Japanese occupation in Indonesia. Years later, the Japanese migrated back to Japan in August 9, 1945, due to the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bomb dropped by the United States. Indonesia was then vacant and did not want the Dutch coming back. They were aware with the conflict and were determined to keep their homeland out of foreign rules, wanting to be a self-dependent country. The breakdown had led the major figures to alter the local society to have more determination. Two of the major figures of the Indonesian revolution were Achmed Sukarno and Muhammad Hatta. Sukarno and Hatta contributed with the Japanese and created a Japanese backed army and went against the Dutch to win independence.

The Dutch trade of commodities influenced Indonesia’s economy in the way that they introduced land tax, made trade routes, and printed money. The Dutch first implemented land tax by telling farmers to give them one fifth of what they harvested (“Colonial Period of Indonesia.”) This system was called the cultivation system. After the farmers gave one fifth of their harvest they got a fixed amount of money that has no relation to the value of the crops. “The Dutch and Javanese officials received bonus when their residency delivered more crops…” (“Colonial Period of Indonesia.) This made encouraged them to increase production so that they could get more money. This led to corruption (“1820-1950 Indonesia and Decolonization – Timeline Dutch History”.)

According to AAFC (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2010) due to its extensive natural resources and geographical location, in the way of several of the world’s most important trading routes, Indonesia represents the Southeast Asia’s largest economy. On a global perspective, Indonesia is the fourth most populated country and has the largest Muslim population, besides being the world’s largest archipelago, with around 17,000 islands. The country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is also showing considerable and stable growth throughout the years and unemployment rates dropped considerably (AAFC, 2011).

Indonesia is the sixteenth largest economy, the largest economy in the South-east Asian economic region with the world's fourth largest population (263 million in 2017). It is an emerging economy that has increased its international integration, trade liberalisation and diverted from policies of import substitution towards export-led development. Indonesia is a member of the Group of 20 (G20) major economies and has been an active founding member of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The impact of globalisation has benefited Indonesia as quality of life indicators and economic developments have improved but it also presents the challenge of improving regulations, building more competitive industries, increasing investment into education and infrastructure to remain competitive. Consequently, Indonesia has introduced numerous strategies to promote economic growth and development.

Indonesia complained of their lack of autonomy In regions such as Maluku or other areas of Eastern Indonesia, “a low capacity for generating local revenue restricted the ability to adapt projects and development to local conditions” (Bertrand, 198).). The scanty amounts of funds were unable to support the poor and other problems. Bertrand states, “Faced with the New Order regime introduced mild reforms that were designed to address some technical issues while avoiding political decentralization” (Bertrand, 198). In 1995 the Minister of Home Affairs selected 26 districts were used to evaluate the measures designed to increase autonomy. They noticed an increase in Indonesia budget, but they still failed to support the poor, which resulted in

More than 21 million people in Indonesia died because of starvation, more than 1 million children can’t receive education in schools cause economy factors, and more than 28 million people is struggling against poverty.

From explanation above, we can conclude that the most influential factors are Islam and political parties. After those two factors are media and youth. For as the least influential factor for political system of Indonesia is military. How about their interaction to other factors and to the people of Indonesia in this case? Most of factors have a great relations with other factors and a great interaction with the people of Indonesia in enacting political system of Indonesia, except for military. As already explained above, military could not influence for political system of Indonesia nowadays or even may be have an interaction with other factors and the people in political aspect, because they could not interfere in political aspect anymore and only focus on security system of Indonesia after dual function of ABRI was erased by

Economic development refers to adoption of mechanisms that improve the economy well-being as well as the quality of life. Economic development captures the current situation and evaluates the methods useful for fostering growth that will preserve the quality of economy in future generations. Methods involved include globalization, proper utilization of natural resources, democracies, investment in health and agricultural technologies and creation of effective international institutions. An increase in gross domestic product is therefore important in assessment of economic development. However political problems affect international economic relations. To shape the world economy, several themes are applied on analytical, cultural and theoretical perspective. The paper will focus on readings with a comparative analysis on evaluation of the theme’s strengths and weakness to provide an insight on economic development.

Indonesia is too sudden to apply decentralized government, as the other state especially developing state need a transition phase to change their system from centralized regime to decentralized regime at that time. Owing to that, it enacts Indonesia immature in implementing the decentralization system. Therefore, the decentralization in Indonesia today is still unstructured and it gives lots of bad impacts to Indonesia. And decentralization which predicted can bring Indonesia become better is like a contradiction whereas it become a boomerang for Indonesia. As it enacts Indonesia not as good as expected or we can say Indonesia become worse than

President of Indonesia Jowo Widodo and Vice President of Indonesia Jusuf Kalla designing nine priority agenda, the nine programs were called Nawa Cita. This program was initiated to indicate priority roads changes towards a sovereign Indonesia politically, as well as independent in the field of economics and personality in culture. There are 3 point of Nawa Cita to fix the poverty : 3th Nawa Cita is to build Indonesia from the suburbs by strengthening those areas and villages in the framework of the unitary state, 5th Nawa Cita is to improve the

This essay seeks to compare and contrast the political and economic leadership styles adopted by Lee Kuan Yew and Sukarno. PM Lee Kuan Yew was the first prime minister of Singapore and had turned Singapore from a poor fishing village into a bustling first world country, with world renowned airports and hotels, all through his clear vision as well as his economic policies during his governance from 1959-1990. On the other hand, Sukarno was the first president of Indonesia from the time period of 1945-1967. Sukarno was a prominent leader of Indonesia, who led Indonesia to its independence and created stability within his home country, ending various rebellions which threatened her. This essay will thus primarily focus on

Ever since Indonesia has opened its economy to global forces in the mid-1980’s, the country has experienced the growth of trade and investment and the increased participation of transnational corporations in the economy. Reforming the economy has been necessary so that Indonesia can keep pace with other economies in the South-East Asian region and avoid relying too heavily on commodity exports, whose value on global markets tends to be volatile.

According to James M. Henslin, as of 2008, Indonesia is considered one of the least industrializing nations. Least industrializing nations account for 68 percent of the world’s people but only 49 percent of the earth’s land. These nations usually are filled with poverty. People that live in these nations have no running water, indoor plumbing, or access to teachers or doctors. The more the population grows the more stress it causes and gives them setbacks (p. 247, 249). Industries in Indonesia consist of agro-business, resource extraction and export, construction, and tourism. As of the 1970s, industrial sectors have been developed, commonly in Java around Jakarta and Surabaya and other cities along the north coast. In the outer islands is where agro-business and resource extraction is located. Much of Indonesia’s foreign exchange and domestic operating funds are supplied by these industries. Sumatra has plantations, oil, gas, and mines; West Papua has mining; and Kalimantan has timber.

Indonesia is relatively a very young country with a plethora of “growing pains” like trying to step out of poverty, human rights issues, trying to deal with corruption, fight the development and expansion of terrorism, enforcing its legal system, resolving armed conflicts with separatist groups around the country and opening up for trade. There are some technology bursts in major urban centers but most of its human resources still go out to the agriculture sector.

Following independence, Sukarno took over Indonesia in 1957 and implemented a closed economic policy that rejected foreign capital and focused on creating a greater role for government nationalism (Dieleman, 2006). Although Sukarno’s policies attempted to favor indigenous businessmen with his Benteng program, Sudono and Indonesia’s Chinese minority economically