Induced Colitis Analysis

Crohn’s Disease was named after an American gastroenterologist, Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn, in 1932. He and his colleagues discovered an abnormal pathogen, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis while studying a related disease, ulcerative colitis, which belongs to a larger group if illnesses called Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The discovery was made while studying the effects of ulcerative colitis in cattle and noticing the similar characteristics in humans. The infections had an abnormal response with the body’s immune system in both the cattle and humans.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a systemic auto-immune disease that is marked by abnormal inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, it affects any part of the GI tract from mouth to anus. CD mainly presents in three areas: the small intestine, the colon, and the perianal region. CD mostly occurs between the ages of 15 and 30 years, or between the ages of 60 and 80 years of age. The exact etiology of Crohn’s disease is unknown. As stated by Mazal (2014) “Genetic predisposition—especially familial aggregation—seems to be the strongest independent indicator of which individuals will develop Crohn disease” (p.298). An increase diet in milk protein, milk protein and polysturated fatty acids is also a possible factor in disease incidences. Smoking may also double the risk of developing CD.

Cells move from the blood into the intestines and produce inflammation which is a normal immune system response. The inflammation does not subside, leading to chronic inflammation, ulceration, thickening of the intestinal wall, and eventually causing patient symptoms.

The sheer diversity of the microbiota means that bodily disorders associated with the gut region (encompassing the stomach and intestines) are difficult to diagnose, and even harder to find the source of the disorder. Intestinal Bowel Disease (IBD) is a large category of bodily disorders associated with the gut. IBD most commonly manifests itself in two forms – Crohn’s Disease, and Ulcerative Colitis [1]. Crohn’s disease is arguably a more severe form of the disease, as the diseased tissue tends to go deeper into the intestines. Ulcerative Colitis, while still very detrimental and pain causing, causes inflammation of tissue at more of the surface level. The diseases affects a significant portion of the population, with a high rate of new cases discovered - between 20,000 and 100,000 people are diagnosed with types of IBD annually in North America [1]. The role of the microbiota in inducing intestinal diseases has been suspected.

“The colon cancer vs. Crohn’s disease debate is generating a lot of interest in the medical community. Every year in the U.S., approximately 57,000 people die from colorectal cancer and 147,000 new cases are diagnosed”states Dr. Victor Marchione. Crohn's disease is a new disease that was introduced into today's society in 2015. 1.4 million Americans have Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. Of those, about 700,000 have Crohn’s has been diagnosed in the years between 1992 and 2004 just from a doctor's visit. People have came up with different ways that we can help and prevent the disease such as Surgery, Conferences and “ KEY TO PROCESS “.

The next topic discusses the significant challenges facing the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America today and in the near future. One of the major challenges of the organization is finding ways to help with the insurance and financial burdens for the IBD patients. In 2004, there were 1.1 million hospital and healthcare visits for Crohn’s disease and 716,000 for Ulcerative Colitis, as well as 4 million prescriptions written for both these diseases (Crohn’s and Colitis, 2012). Unfortunately, the annual financial burden of IBD in the United States is more than 31 billion dollars, which demonstrates how expensive the physician visits, hospital stays, and medications are for IBD patients. For example, studies have estimated the annual direct

This review will explain Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative colitis, two types of inflammatory bowel disease that affect millions of people. These diseases are chronic that affects certain parts of the intestine gastrointestinal tract. People who has this disease are troubled with a variety of side effects that they will have to live with for the rest of their lives. To this day, there are no medical cure for these diseases, however there are several treatment options that are helpful. These diseases are still being studied for researchers to fully understand the causes, possible preventions, and cure for IBDs. Countless researches and studies are still under development, there have been many discoveries thus far, but nothing concrete.

Crohn’s Disease is an intestinal disease first discovered by and named after Dr. Burrill B. Crohn, “who first described the disease in 1932 along with colleagues Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon D. Oppenheimer.” (Foundation, 2015) Konkel (2015) refers to this disease as belonging “to a group of conditions called inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)” (Konkel, 2015) CD is

Crohn’s is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease where the aetiology is unknown (Bullock & Hales, 2013, p. 823). Inflammation commonly occurs in the terminal ileum, jejunum and large bowel but can be present anywhere in the digestive tract from mouth to anus (Chang & Johnson, 2014, p. 447). CD disrupts all four layers of the intestine: Epithelium, subepithelium, muscularis and serosa (Bullock & Hales, 2013, p. 825). Inflammation triggers ulcers to develop in the epithelium and this results in deep fissures, fistulas or abscesses to form and extend into the peritoneum (Farrell & Dempsey, 2014, p. 917). Granulomas in the bowel do not appear constant on the wall and separations lie between normal and diseased bowel (Chang & Johnson, 2014, p. 447). Once the subsequent layers of the small intestine become oedematous from inflammation, in an attempt to heal, the damaged tissues produce scarred fibrotic tissue (Bullock & Hales, 2013, p. 825). The chronic scarring causes the intestinal lumen to become thick and narrow (Farrell & Dempsey, 2014, p. 917).

The immune system is the one that causes the inflammation in response to what is happening to the persons body. Having this inflammation would cause flare ups depending on what food you eat, leaving you with very frequent trips to the bathroom and severe abdonminal pain. Also, constantly having diarrhea can cause dehydration and make your appetite decrease as well. Crohn's disease does have some genetic link. According to the case study in class, antibiotics can sometimes trigger this response in the persons GI tract because it throws off the bacteria in our digestive system and we need that

Ulcerative colitis is a disease that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in the lining of the rectum and colon, also known as the large bowel. The inflammation may be taking place in the whole colon consisting of the pancolitis and ulcerative proctisis or perhaps somewhere in between the two. Ulcers form were inflammation has killed the cells that usually line the colon, then

In order to explain the significance of oral aphthous ulcers in Crohn’s disease, we need to first look at the pathophysiology of the disease itself.   Crohn’s disease is a relapsing inflammatory bowel disease which can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract. The cause of the disease is not well understood. However, it is believed that the inflammatory response is mainly due to a combination of genetics, an over-reactive immune response, and environmental factors. These factors lead to an inappropriate inflammatory response against enteric bacteria (Bartels et al., 2013).  In Crohn’s disease, there is an abnormal and exaggerated response to bacteria within the gut.  As we have learned in previous lectures, an inflammatory response is a defense

Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory condition that is immunologically mediated. Even though the etiology of the disease is not yet determined, results from different researches such as human genetics, clinical tests and basic science have given significant insights in the inflammatory disease pathogenesis. In addition, the studies reports that Crohn’s disease is heterogeneous disease that is characterized by different genetic abnormalities that results to T cells responses. The research paper has highlighted various signs of the disease that indicates that T cells usually response to the environment. For instance, the paper states that T cells are important to an individual’s immunity and has both protective and harmful immune response. The research paper has a purpose statement that provides the theme or the question that is being examined in the paper. The paper also reviews both the Crohn’s mechanism and the assumed pathophysiological mechanisms. Assumed pathophysiological mechanisms include intestinal permeability, infectious agents, pro-inflammatory moles and the abnormal immunological response. On the other hand, signs and symptoms of the Crohn’s disease include diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain and fever.

coli K1 is a key step in the infection process (polin). The intestine of healthy neonates gets colonized by commensal bacteria shortly after birth, but for some individuals this normally harmless process can lead to sepsis, due mainly to the immature immune system of the human neonate (3). The gastrointestinal tract mucosa possesses several defense mechanisms which protect the gut from microbial infection (30). The gastrointestinal barrier is composed of a monolayer of several cell types, including the structural enterocytes, Paneth cells, and goblet cells, which are involved in the secretion of mucus (14, 30,

This essay will focus on Crohn’s disease and pathological changes that may occur in the small intestine as a result of the inflammatory process and discuss the scientific reasons for the possible treatments relating these to pathological processes.