Industrialization in Ireland

In Hasia R. Diner’s book Erin’s Daughters In America she discussed the history of the lives of Irish immigrants, specifically women, before the Famine and after they emigrated to the United States. After the Famine, Irish citizens had to make drastic changes in their lives in order to survive, such as having more variety in food and the crops that they grew, and changing their marriage patterns and how often they had children. Many people even decided to immigrate to America, the majority of which were women. When Irish women came to America their lives were greatly revolutionized when they were forced to adopt new economic opportunities by finding a job quickly and gaining economic stability, and they had to modify their marriage patterns by getting married later in life, if they got married at all.

For decades’ women worked in supportive home oriented role within workplace and society. The departure of men for war the in the 1940’s, the black civil rights movement, and the need to fill employment vacancy’s greatly influenced social change for human and women’s rights to meet the demands for the

Seventy-five percent of the workforce was made up of women,9 and most of these women were Mexican. These Mexican women faced extremely harsh treatment while working. The three biggest problems these women had that they wanted to get rid of by unionizing were the “pet” system, when male employees and supervisors would favor women they liked or went out with,10 the piece-rate system, when workers get paid by their work accomplished, not by the hour, and the supervisors, who would constantly watch the women and make sure they were working hard.11 Women particularly hated these three systems, especially since they are discriminatory. Also, the piece-rate system would make it hard to get consistent pay. All of the strenuous work would of course make the workers sore, and soon their workload would slowly start to decrease. Furthermore, it is hard to design the piece-rate system in such a way that women would get about the same amount of money men who are paid by the hour. In addition to discrimination, the jobs were often dangerous, as Julia Luna Mount stated, “After work, my hands were red, swollen, and I was on fire!”12 These working conditions inevitably made the labor force create the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAWA). Most of the members in this

Reformers’ participation in the strike benefit the strikers; before, doubts plagued them that their cause would have been extinguished if not for “progressive money” (70). However, frustration arose amongst picketers as these progressive women transform a strike based on class struggle into a “broader feminist revolt” (68). Anne Morgan blames the immigrants’ foul treatment in the factory on women’s inability to vote (67), not their inability to unionize, which is one of the main pillars of their movement. An unnamed waist maker retorted, asking how the ballot could possibly improve the conditions of the factory, for the “right of men to vote does not prevent strikes” (70). When Triangle’s head honchos, Max Blanck and Isaac Harris, offer the strikers higher wages and shorter hours, Lemlich, along with other socialists, refuse and hold out for union recognition.

At a time when labour unions were gaining in memberships, organization, and bargaining power, women in the workforce made marginal gains during this period considering the booming economy. Sociologically, a healthy economy should in theory provide the framework for change. When citizens have low unemployment and more money in their pockets, time and attention is less directed at bread and butter issues like sustenance and poverty, and aimed at equality and social progress. For women unfortunately, this was not necessarily the case. Their battle with employers was still a struggle between classes than gender parity. Male union leadership would naturally further male worker interests first,8 and this shows a culture of sexism in the workplace that was clearly difficult for working women to overcome. Even union-dues paying women rarely openly questioned their subordination as a sex.9 They were most likely outnumbered and the consequences of being a whistle blower did not want to be entertained. In the mindset of women who worked however, was a developing identity as female wage earners and unionists.10

It was in the late 1890s that the citizens in Chicago, and other areas, felt it was a good idea to let women work. There was much demand for work in factories, because the heavy machinery we now use had not been invented at the time. The working conditions of the women in these factories were terrible. Many times, women were injured by the machinery used without compensation. As a result, in 1903, the National Women’s Trade Union

Employers took advantage of women as the women’s main concern was to survive low salaries and diabolic working conditions; advancement in career had no significance for them as their limited poor educational background lessened their chances of progress in most domains of their work. Clearly they took this job purely from the need to feed their families. Their lack of education and the dominance of men in the workforce gave them little choice other than to accept these manual, simple almost degrading types of jobs. Women could not afford to complain or create any

Union organizing required more than simply providing a setting. The women workers needed to define themselves in relation to the conflicting family and social

The social spectrum was changed after the signing of the declaration. The growth of western forms and unavailability of land in the North the farmers of North were out of the competition. The small factories of the cities promised enough dollars to run the family show. When the forms got out of the pictures the family size grew smaller in the North. Farmers switched to Livestock and female became the center of the household. The social unrest was also present because of the ever changing economic scene of the North. Women too started looking for jobs in the firms, some of them decided not to have kids and many were married by their own choice. The arrange marriage was getting out of the picture. Most of the working women were unmarried as the marriage would put them into the house. However, during this turmoil women gained the social control of their lives. The agriculture was switched from the tobacco to corn. The end of slavery was expected, but a big cotton industry put an end to all these hopes and debates. The increased migrated population had its social implications. However the single women had opportunities in the factories. These mills were more mechanized and skill labor was not needed. The salary provided them with necessaties

During this essay I will compare the difference of economic and policy development of Ireland, north or south in relation to the United Kingdom. As of today Ireland themselves are bit more advanced, exchange secondary economy. Ireland was among the starting gathering of 12 EU countries that started streaming the euro on 1 January 2002 “Although Ireland had aspirations to become a member of the Community as far back as 1961 it was not until 1972 when a referendum confirmed Ireland’s entry into the European Community with 83 per cent of voters supporting membership. Ireland formally acceded to the then EEC in 1973”. (Loughran, 2015).

The turmoil of the second decade of the twentieth century gave way to a greater sense of peace and stability in the third, with a peace treaty signed between Ireland and Britain in December of 1921 and Home Rule finally established for most of the Irish isle (Ferriter, n.d.). At the same time, this new society did not lead to instant prosperity, and indeed poverty remained a major and growing problem in Ireland during this decade (Ferriter, n.d.). Economic and social problems that persisted during this decade certainly could have been pushes to increased immigration.

During this time it is clear that many changes were occurring in Ireland, a land that was once dominated by tradition was now becoming a modernized country. Where then does

During the 1800’s, England experienced an Industrial Revolution. With steam engines, coal, and steal coming about, England boomed with new factories and commerce. Previous to the invention and use of this machinery, England was a rural country, with many people making their own trades. Soon enough, machines with higher efficiency and speed began to replace hand-crafted materials. Factories with huge machinery began to pop up along with new job opportunities. By the mid-1800’s, fifty percent of people lived in urbanized areas, compared to less than

A notable feature of Irish society in the 1960’s was economic expansion. There was a prevalent perception that Ireland had become isolated from European economic growth and that this had to be reversed. The advancement of industrial and economic growth in

The economy of Ireland has transformed in recent years from an agricultural focus to a modern knowledge economy, focusing on services and high-tech industries and dependent on trade, industry and investment. Since the mid 1990's, Ireland has experienced consistent growth rates of up to 10% per annum. This has been attributed to years of strong government planning through the implementation of five-year National Development Plans. These plans provided for large-scale investment in infrastructural projects and the focused development of Ireland as a base for multinational export-oriented companies. Ireland was transformed from one of the poorest countries in Western Europe to one of the wealthiest.