Infant Mortality Rates In Monrovia

The total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman would have if she maintained today's level of childbearing throughout her reproductive years.

Infant mortality rate constitutes the death of a baby before their first birthday. Mortality rates around the world differ tremendously with America leading the first world countries at an alarming rate of 6.1 deaths per 1,000 births. Conversely, Finland and Japan secure the last, most desirable position, with deaths totaling 2.3 per 1,000 births, as of 2010. (Ovaska-Few, 2015) In 2014, over 23,000 babies died in the United States. (CDC, 2016) Exploring the mortality rates in America brings light to a dire need for additional interventions and research as to why this developing nation has the highest rate of infant deaths before the age of 1 year old. African Americans face the worst outcomes of infant death compared to whites, Latino, and their Native American peers in North Carolina. (Ovaska-Few, 2015) This paper will explore why African American are the leading race for infant mortality and the steps that health communities need to take to address this devastating occurrence.

In 1980 China introduced the one-child policy to save it from a famine. In 1980 China had a fertility rate of 2.7 children per women that lived in China. Document B states, “The claim by Chinese officials that the one child policy has helped avert 400 million births simply cannot be substantiated by facts.” The fertility rate means the number of children a women has in her lifetime. Since 1980, China's one child policy is helping

In her book, Lose Your Mother, Saidiya Hartman challenges Jerry Rawlings’ notion of freedom by responding with “Had Rawlings asked, “‘Are we yet free?’ most Ghanaians would have answered with a resounding, ‘No.’ This ‘no’ resonated on both sides of the Atlantic”(pg 126). The capitalistic spirit that possessed the Europeans enabled them to disrupt the untouched country of Africa and capture its children to satiate their wealth aspirations. In the meantime, the Europeans took the land from the Native Americans through genocidal practices and claimed it as their gift from God. Although some claim that the capitalist ventures of the Europeans during the colonial period and the 19th century were beneficial for all and rooted in innocence, it ultimately caused the physical and cultural death of the Native Americans and African-origin peoples and has led to the day to day suffering of their descendants.

The article describes the “imperial pressures” 2 to end slavery put on the British post-United States Civil War by the United States creation of Liberia. There was a large anti-slavery movement in the early nineteenth century, and legislation did pass through, however, those who had benefitted from the British trade, figure such as Eddoo, who did not wish to lose all of their labor force, so slave owners worked to find a way around this new system. Although there were some native figures in politics, like James Hutton Brew, “Imperial activity in West Africa was conducted in part by the Sierra Leonean and Liberian settlers themselves, as well as by certain influential individuals acting on behalf of the colonial governments, anti-slavery societies, or their own interests”.2 Meaning, although there were Africans in government, the British still had supreme say and power over the colonies. The British government did eventually outlaw slavery, but “West African colonial governments’ and colonists’ imperial ideology of ‘Civilization, Commerce, and Christianity’’2 found loopholes around these new ordinances as seen in the Abina trial. Although slavery was technically ended in the early nineteenth century, due to the power and influences over the countries at the time, slavery was not ended until much

According to Healthy People 2020, "Improving the well-being of mothers, infants, and children, is an important public health goal for the United States. Their well-being determines the health of the next generation and can help predict future public health challenges for families, communities, and the health care system" (Healthy People 2020, 2015). Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, while fetal mortality is defined as the intrauterine death of a fetus at any gestational age (MMRW, 2013 and MacDorman, Kirmeyer & Wilson, 2012). In the United States an estimated 13,000 fetal deaths occurred ≥ 28 weeks gestation making up 28% of all perinatal deaths in 2006, the latest year with available national data (Lee,

“In 1816, a group of white Americans founded the American Colonization Society (ACS) to deal with the “problem” of the growing number of free blacks in the United States by resettling them in Africa. The resulting state of Liberia would become the second (after Haiti) black republic in the world at that

The history of slavery in the United States is a complex one full of many riveting characters and interesting events. Historians have spent extensive time researching slavery and its effects on the country from its institution until its end in 1865. One popular organization was the American Colonization Society. The society was founded in 1817 and had branches in all major areas of the United States from 1822 to 1913. The society found supporters in many different individuals. One of these characters is a Louisiana slave owner named John McDonogh. Contrary to the norms of the time, John McDonogh formulated a plan to free a select number of his slaves that would then be sent to colonize Liberia. I propose to look at the impact John McDonogh has on the Liberian colonization movement in Louisiana, the contributions he made to slavery as an institution in his local area, and the lasting legacy that he has established in the New Orleans area. .

Infant mortality rates for African American women are two times higher than any other race in the United States. It is thought that socioeconomic status and low education among the African American population is the main factor in this issue, but it is not. Studies show that as an African American woman in the U.S., childbearing health is affected due to the unequal treatment in American society.

The journal written by Christopher and Simpson (2014) addresses the outcomes birth disparities between African American and White population. Although infant mortality rates declined 12 percent in the US from 2005 to 2011, which represents 6.05 infant deaths per 1000 live births, African American still have the highest rate on infant mortality in the nation. The infant mortality rate for this population in this period of time was 12.4 infant deaths per 1000 live births. According to the article, African American babies die before the first birthday twice the rate comparing to White babies.

Today Liberia is a recovering and thriving nation in Western-Africa. It was created by a movement from the United States in the 1840’s that allowed freed slaves the opportunity to move to Africa to attempt to make a life in a more accepting environment. Liberia has a very eventful history to include events such as a civil war, coups, being the first independent nation in Africa, and also elected one of the first female presidents in Africa. The topics that will be covered will be a culture outline of Liberia, a breakdown of Liberia’s diverse population, a description of their government and economy, and an overview of their military.

In 2013, 289 000 women died during pregnancy and childbirth and it was estimated that everyday 800 women all over the world died from childbirth or childbirth-related problems (World Health Organization, 2014). Often, maternal mortality is found to occur more often in developing countries than developed countries. Maternal mortality refers women who died from the situation like during pregnancy, termination of pregnancy within 42 days, regardless of duration and place of pregnancy, from aggravation caused by the pregnancy or pregnancy management (Nwagha et al, 2010). Maternal mortality may be resulted from direct or indirect cause. Direct causes are from obstetric complications of pregnancy, labour, and puerperium, and interventions whereas indirect causes are from the worsening of current conditions by pregnancy or delivery (Givewell, 2009). This paper aims to examine the causes for maternal mortality in both developed and developing countries and will end with a proposal for government to ensure women are given reproductive health rights.

War is one of the principal reasons why most children become orphans. This phenomenon is quite common in Africa, the Middle East, and most parts of the world. This study would primarily be conducted in Monrovia, Liberia’s capital city where we find three basic types of orphans that are representative of orphans throughout the country: street orphans, orphans in institutions or orphanages, and orphans that live with extended family or in structured homes. A recent Newsweek study examines the challenges that Liberia faces of acclimating back in to society more than 38,000 children who were former child soldiers, cooks, grenades handlers and even sex slaves in recent Liberian wars (MacDougall, 2013). Following the wars,

Africa has a total fertility rate (TFR) of 5.2 children per woman, a problem that is

Family size is also a huge contributor to the population catastrophe. Generally, a family in this region is consisted of around five to six children (Bridge). The reason for women to bare so many children is because of the high risk of infant mortality. Since children’s health has improved in the 1980’s, women continued to have the same number of kids. However, more lived, which then pushed fertility rates even higher (World Religions, Environment, Development 233). In order for Sub Saharan to stabilize their flourishing