Infant 's Social Communication Using A Computer System

In the article “The Effects of Postnatal Depression on Infants Development”, a study suggested that there’s no association between attachment status and maternal depression. However, the article suggested we take note that high rates of insecurities were present in both the test and controlled group. In the article “Postpartum Depression and Mother-Infant relationship at Three Months”, the study suggested that the mother-infant relationship presented less vocal and visual communications, less corporal interactions, and less smiling. This article also suggests that depressed mothers are often not seen by psychiatrist because they usually present mild symptoms that are frequently minimized by themselves or their environment. This article focuses both on the mother and the infant, as well as their relationship, where the other article focuses predominately on the

Often the time after birth is a filled with joy and happiness due to the arrival of a new baby. However, for some mothers the birth of a baby leads to some complicated feelings that are unexpected. Up to 85% of postpartum woman experience a mild depression called “baby blues” (Lowdermilk, Perry, Cashion, & Alden, 2012). Though baby blues is hard on these mothers, another form of depression, postpartum depression, can be even more debilitating to postpartum woman. Postpartum depression affects about 15% (Lowdermilk et al., 2012) of postpartum woman. This disorder is not only distressing to the mother but to the whole family unit. This is why it is important for the nurse to not only recognize the signs and symptoms of a mother with postpartum depression, but also hopefully provide preventative care for the benefit of everyone involved.

Postpartum Depression is important because too often it affects the mother, her spouse, and the newborn child. This affects the relationship between the mother and child based on Erikson’s Psychosocial developmental Theory and the idea of trust vs. mistrust. If the child’s basic needs are not met that could lead to mistrust, anxiety, and insecurities. This could also lead to Reactive Attention Disorder, where the neglect a child experiences leads to difficulty making relationships. It’s also found to be more likely in mothers of colicky babies because if the child cries a lot the mothers are less likely to make an emotional connection.

Depression, in general, affects more than 340 million people around the world and is reported to be the highest cause of disability in high-income countries (Demissie). 15% to 85% of mothers can experience postpartum “blues” with postpartum depression rates between 11.7% and 20.4% in the United States alone (Ersek). This depression can occur at anytime from post-delivery up to one year (Ersek).

As new stresses arise and being overwhelmed by new responsibilities, the new mother may become distant from her child. She may have a burst of uncontrollable anger, she may ignore the cries of her infant, and show less affection toward her child. These infants show insecure attachment to their mother, a lack of environmental exploration, and they also show a lack of eye contact. In addition, these children have a higher prospect for damaged language development, than peers with non-depressed mothers. The effects of PPD can still be identified in children up to five years of age. If a mother with PPD shows sensitivity to her infant, it can reduce the consequences of the depression on her

Mothers with PPD can have trouble attaching to their infant because of the new stressors and expectations placed upon them while they struggle with depression (Zietlow, Schlüter, Nonnenmacher, Müller, & Reck. 2014). These demands for physical and emotional strength after pregnancy and the dependency of the infant on the mother can feel overwhelming. These pressures can result in avoidance of the infant and the responsibilities associated with them, thus hurting and preventing the development of a secure attachment. There is substantial evidence for the possibility of long-term, adverse effects of PPD affecting the mother, child, and the mother–infant bond (Zietlow, Schlüter, Nonnenmacher, Müller, & Reck. 2014). Because of this, there is a high risk-factor for cognitive, emotional, psychological, social development, behavioral problems, psycho-motoric, and overall general psychopathology of the child being adversely affected (Zietlow, Schlüter, Nonnenmacher, Müller, & Reck. 2014).

Williams, C., Dr. (2009). In Cantwell R., Robertson K. (Eds.), Overcoming postnatal depression : A five areas approach. London: London : Hodder Arnold.

About 8 to 15 percent of childbearing women experience post partum depression during the first year after childbirth, and poor depressed women experience depressive symptoms as high as 48% (Onunaku, 2005). Thirty-seven percent of low-income mothers with young children who have had a major depressive disorder do not receive any treatment, compared to twenty-five percent of their higher-income counterparts (Saxton, 2016). Maternal mental health affects their ability to care for themselves and nurture their children. Untreated mother’s depression adversely affects a child’s brain and socio-emotional development, academic achievement, and child’s long-term success. Living with a depressed mother shape the development of a child’s stress biology, leading to the child’s own risk of developing depression and other emotional disorders (Center On The Developing Child At Harvard

ost Partum depression or (PPD) can cause a problematic interruption to a mother and infants newly forming relationship. It should be addressed and interventions should be taken to help show the mothers with PPD how it affects not only their relationship with their child but that it can affect their child's development as a while as well. It affects about 10-15% of women and has an onset of about 4-6 weeks post partum. It can affect the child in numerous ways such as causing them to be insecure of themselves, it can cause them to have lower frustration tolerances, lower cognitive levels, and even lower physical health. All due to a mothers unreliableness and inattentiveness because of PPD. Several factors contribute to PPD; infant factors like

Over the course of my research paper I will be examining the different aspects of postpartum depression and how it affects their child’s developmental stages. The research compiled will explain how maternal depression could do harm to a child and if the possible treatments available. I will explain the methods I will be using, information I found in my research, developmental theories, and my opinion on this subject. In the first section of my paper I will explain what methods I have used to gather my information next I will conclude my research findings this section will include definitions, the stages, how it affects developmental and treatments available, moving on with my paper I will explain how developmental theories

This finding is important because it suggests the deficit in social learning experienced in infants with depressed mothers is reversible. However, the researchers noted several limitations. These included the highly artificial and experimental conditions, uncertainty of the level of depression in mothers, previous evidence of the tendency of depressed mothers to be more responsive in a laboratory setting than in a natural environment, possible emotional factors, and the

Perinatal depression is a significant mental health and public health problem, and may be one of the most disabling disorders among women of childbearing age (Earls & Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health American Academy of Pediatrics, 2010). Perinatal depression is associated with a multitude of negative sequelae for women, children, and families including poor maternal-fetal attachment, adverse neonatal outcomes (e.g., low birth weight, preterm birth, small for gestational age), poor infant attachment, early childhood developmental delays, and relationship strain (Alhusen, Hayat, & Gross, 2013; Grigoriadis et al., 2013; Leis, Heron, Stuart, & Mendelson, 2014). The perinatal period presents an opportune time to screen, diagnose, and treat depression given most women have frequent and regular contact with perinatal health care providers. Yet, most women who present with depressive symptoms do not receive adequate treatment (Allbaugh, Marcus, Ford, & Flynn, 2014). Extant research has identified barriers and facilitators to the successful recognition and treatment of perinatal depression. These barriers and facilitators may occur at the patient-, health care provider- and system levels of care. Critical to addressing these barriers includes timely and appropriate screening and patient-centered treatment for perinatal depression. The purpose of this manuscript is twofold. The first is to present an overview of research related to the impact of

The behavioral and cognitive development of a child at the stage of infancy is at risk due to maternal postpartum depression. The relation between postpartum depression, maternal behavior, and child outcomes are complicated as the variations in the severity of PPD, stress factors, and low social support can all attribute to the differences in outcomes in children. While participating in interactive routines with their infant, a mother suffering from PPD may feel distant towards their baby. “Withdrawn mothers are disengaged, unresponsive, effectively flat and do little to support the infant’s activity” (“Maternal”). With little ability to self-regulate or cope with this negative condition, the infant will develop passivity, withdrawal, and habits of self-regulation. Moreover, patterns of unregulated attention and arousal were present in infants of mothers with postpartum depression. According to the article “Maternal Depression and Child Development”, “in a study by Murray cognitive performance regarding the independent existence of objects was worse for infants of 61 postnatally depressed mothers than the infants of 42 nondepressed mothers, even after adjustment for contextual adversity. ” Infants with depressed mothers receive less contingent stimulation, thus their efficiency on non-social learning tasks were

In the article “The impact of maternal postpartum depression on the language development of children at 12 months”, the authors, Quevedo, Silva, Godoy, Jansen, Matos, Tavares Pinheiro and Pinheiro, studied the relationship between some factors related to maternal depression during the first year of a child’s life and the child’s language development process (Quevedo et al.,2011). They hypothesized that a child whose mother presented maternal depression would have a lower performance than a child whose mother presented only a brief depression or no maternal depression (Quevedo et al.,2011). The researchers conducted the research on 296 mother-child dyads (Quevedo et al.,2011). This was a longitudinal study where different methods were used to perform this research (Quevedo et al.,2011). First, they used a diagnostic interview postpartum and 12 months after giving birth to evaluate if mothers were depressed. Then, they assessed the children using a language scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (Bayley 2006; Quevedo et al.,2011). Finally, mothers filled out a questionnaire about their socio-economic status, delivery and the health of the baby (Quevedo et al.,2011). The questionnaire evaluated whether the baby was premature or not and the baby’s caretaker (Quevedo et al.,2011). The results indicate that the duration of postpartum depression affected negatively the language development of the child (Quevedo et al.,2011). Also, it was found that maternal age,

Depressed mothers are less likely to engage with their children. Infants of depressed mothers are competent learners, but they fail to acquire associations in response to stimulation provided by their mothers. Children of depressed mothers show more negatively affect and become behaviorally withdrawn and avoidant as well as insecure attachment and importantly cognitive development. Versus a non-depressed infant, they also struggle with object constancy, lower scores on tests of cognitive milestones and lags in school