Infantile Reflex And Neocortex

When it comes to neurocognitive disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders, reaserchers have been able to diagnose symptoms of a variety of disorders pertaining to the brain and growth development. Once knowing what the symptoms are behaviors become noticed and there becomes a reason for certain behaviors in individuals allowing different treatments for these disorders..

Infant learning and brain development is fragile and contingent upon numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The most critical time frame for infant brain development is from the second trimester to the first three months of life (Marshall, 2011). During this time, neural pathways are forming, areas of the brain are maturing, and brain development is rapid. From infancy until the age of 3 years, neural pathways are still being formed in response to stimulation and for this reason, it is extremely important for caregivers and parents to be aware of the many factors that can influence brain development in infants (Marshall, 2011).

It is classified as a descending cortico-striato-pallido-pontine pathway including the cortex, striatum, pallidum, and the pons (Geyer and Braff 1987). Neurons from the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens regulate the activity of the pons. The pons controls the level of startle response (Swerdlow and Geyer 1998). By understanding these neural mechanisms, we can begin to understand the complex neural processes that are involved in sensory

In society, temporal patterns are unique to individuals which are a creation of who they are in daily life. As for a 9-month-old infant with aversion to textures and poor oral motor coordination, temporal aspects of biotemporality are necessary to develop a circadian rhythm in occupational patterns. Throughout infancy, sleep-wake patterns are short but eventually lengthen over a period of time due to environmental zeitgebers (Occ Sci pg. 173). However, environmental zeitgebers or cues with an eating disorder of an infant includes temperature, light and color of food presented to change interpretation of food textures which can improve the infant’s ability to maneuver and swallow food. An aspect of temporality I would consider will include

During the course we learn that neurons are critical early in childhood. On Page38 section 4 it states that there is a big increase in synaptic junctions, those that are used will survive, others will decay or be inhibited. The author argues that mirror neurons are highly present in infant monkeys. The argument is supported by reporting that surface electrodes had recorded mirroring monkeys one to seven days old. The young monkeys watched humans stick their tongues and smack their lips. The research was conducted properly by the first evidence that infants have mirror mechanism at birth that responds to facial gestures. Ehrenfeld also adds that many day old monkeys even stuck their tongues when they saw the human tongue. This corresponds with

In terms of motor control, the basal ganglia is composed of interconnected nuclei located in the telencephalon, diencephalon, and midbrain which include the striatum, globus pallidus (GP), entopeduncular nucleus (globus pallidus internal in humans), subthalamic nucleus, and the substantia nigra (figure1) (6,8). Although there are multiple structures that partake in the modulation of movement, the basal ganglia serves to integrate information deriving from the parietal, frontal, and temporal cortex. In particular, electrical stimulation from the cortex to the striatum derive from regions implicated in the planning and execution of motor movement (6). All of this information converges and activates GABAergic medium spiny neurons (9). Of note,

The quick reaction following an intense and unexpected sensory stimulation is known as the startle reflex: a diffuse protective response common to all mammals3. Although the startle reflex has enjoyed a great deal of interest because of the many attentional, affective, and motor processes that affect its manifestation4,5, there is a core research question about its functionality that remains unanswered. This question relates to the functional role of the physiological processes that outlast the overt reflex response itself. As recently pointed out by Blumenthal6, the most generally accepted function of the startle reflex is to interrupt any ongoing process in the brain so that neural resources can be allocated to process the source of the intense

Excluding the above motor and sensory functions, spinal cord controls some other essential functions also. These are named as automatic actions. They control automatic actions; the spinal cord does not take any assistance from the brain. Reflex actions are automatic, unlearned, involuntary, and inborn responses. Therefore, these measures are sudden in nature and have a purpose of protecting the individual or his organs from immediate risk.

idea 1) According to Ormrod, learning is the “long term change in mental representations or associations due to experience” (Ormrod, 2015, p.g4). Learning is not short (happens over periods of time) and begins when children are born. According to research “All children are born with an innate tendency to interact with and make sense of their environment” (Ormrod, 2015) There are ways that even babies develop ways to learn. But of course they do not realize they are learning. Babies have things called schemas. Schemas are ways they behave with objects in their environment. A normal schema in babies is crying. So an example might be that a baby cries when she is hungry. This crying fit happens to result in baby food or a bottle of milk. The next

The feedback system that I chose for this assignment is lactation this feedback system would be considered a positive feedback loop. This is a positive feedback loop being that as the infant suckles on the breast receptors are then sent to brain letting it know that the body needs to produce prolactin in order for the milk to come in to feed the infant, and as the infant sucks more forcefully or more often the body produces more and more milk for him/her to drink. As the infant decreases the force or suckling or the frequency this will let the brain no that the body needs to either produce less prolactin or stop the process all together so that the body will not overproduce being that the infant is no longer needing as much milk as they

In somatosensory, lateral inhibition happens at the thalamus and cortex. During physical contact, neurons within the close proximity of the area of the contact are excited. The closer the neuron is to the contact, the bigger the magnitude of excitation. However, lateral inhibition occurs between adjacent neurons. The lateral inhibition given off by a neuron is equal to the excitatory input of the neuron. Additionally, the total lateral inhibition felt by a neuron is the sum of lateral inhibition dealt

According to Gross (2011) infants can hear, see, smell, feel, and taste right after birth. Also, in a research study it was revealed that infants are able to perceive, detect, discriminate and respond to “sights, sounds, tastes, aroma, and textures” (Pp. 162). However, according to Marshall (2011), mentions that the environment whether inside or outside can affect the progress of physical and neural structures that aid visual, auditory, chemosensory, somatosensory, and limbic system functions (Pp. 1).

There are two groups of reflexes in the human body, with two ways to categorize each of them. Reflexes can either be inborn and connected through the nervous system, or they can be learned through practice. Another way to explain a reflexive category would be autonomic reflexes or somatic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are those which are unaware to us and act on visceral organs of the body, whereas somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscle stimulation. Both types of reflexes are put into effect via the nervous system. (1)

It seems to be without question that love is at the core of what every human desires. We seek it from the start of life, before we even know the word or emotion, in the bond of parent and child. We look for it in friendships and family relationships as we grow throughout childhood. When mature, we long for the companionship that a lifelong vow of love and marriage will satisfy. The Bible mentions love hundreds of times and places it high above almost anything else, naming it as the center of our salvation in Christ and our hope of life eternal with Him. It’s almost too simple of a concept that love matters, but as Sue Gerhardt shares throughout her book Why Love Matters: How Affection Shapes a Baby’s Brain, somehow we lose sight of just how important love really is, and the fallout from this neglect can change a person’s life completely.

Sensation and perception are tested in infants through the senses sight, sound, taste, smell, touch and pain.