Infect Influenza Vaccines

Influenza viruses are divided into three classes. These are A, B, and C. Influenza A and B are blamed for the increases in hospitalization and deaths each year. The aim of receiving an annual vaccine is to prevent spreading infections. Since flu outbreaks vary, it is recommended that individuals receive a vaccination for the flu

(Video: 40 seconds) Vaccinations contain a dead or weakened strand of a virus that is injected into the body so that it can begin fighting the virus and make antibodies.

Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the flu season approaches, which starts around the October-November period and reaches its peak between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world- and in the U.S in particular- are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma, given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in multiple animal hosts. In fact, many scientists and researchers have been doing in-depth intensive research so as to understand the mechanism behind this unique characteristic of the virus, try to find new ways to control it, and explore different areas of protection and vaccination.

There are there types of influenza A and C or the most severe types and B which is the most common, Luckily not the to severe. The virus works by first attaching to the outside of a host cell. It injects its RNA into the cell. Unfortunately our cells treat the RNA like they should. It translates the viral genes using the cell’s ribosomes and enzymes. Now the virus can take the cell over and use it to reproduce more viruses. Sooner or later it releases the new nauseating viruses and they search for another cell to raid.

This paper explores published works related to patients who received the flu vaccine who were sixty-five years and older. The evaluated articles examine the effectiveness the flu vaccine had on the patient population of sixty-five years and older in relation to avoiding the flu and pneumonia diseases and hospitalizations, in this group of patients. It has been conceded for years that senior adults age sixty-five and older are at greater risk from an influenza illness and pneumonia than a vigorous young adult. It has been projected that between 71 percent and 85 percent of seasonal flu-related loss of life have happened in people sixty-five years and older and between 54 percent and 70 percent of seasonal

There are three types of the influenza virus: Type A, B, and C. Types A and B are contracted and spread by human-to-human transmission.

The influenza virus has three types: A, B, and C. Seasonal influenza epidemics are typically caused by types A and B, while type C regularly has mild symptoms. Scientists have studied previous years of influenza epidemics and are able to predict the yearly flu season for the United States. In the United States, flu season tends to peak during the winter months. In other climates, such as tropical and subtropical, flu seasons can vary making them harder to predict. Hong Kong has a subtropical climate and commonly has two flu seasons, one from January through March and another from July through August. In addition to these two common flu seasons, Hong Kong can experience flu epidemics at erratic times during

Influenza virus can mutate in two ways, Antigenic shift and Antigenic drift. The genome is in 8 segments of RNA. Each of those 8 segments must be packaged within the viral particle in order for it to be viable. Influenza virus uses an RNA polymerase enzyme that doesn’t proofread. This allows for point mutations, incorrect bases are inserted into the genome which causes minor changes in 1 to 2 amino acids. Mutations cause slight variations in the shapes of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. This prevents neutralizing antibodies from binding. If a person were exposed to the new mutant strain, their immune system won’t be able to protect them. This is called antigenic drift and may happen anytime the virus replicates. Point mutations are most

Influenza is one of the major causes for illness around the globe and vaccination is the best way for controlling it. The licensed inactivated influenza vaccine includes antigenic components from the three influenza strains which are chosen annually to match globally circulating strains of influenza viruses.

Influenza A viruses are very diverse, and two viruses that share a subtype may be only distantly related. The high variability is the result of two processes, mutation and genetic reassortment (Fenner et al., 1987) 79. These viruses lack a proofreading and error correction mechanism during replication, therefore small, constant genetic changes occur due to point mutation, deletion, or substitution, which can result in new mutants (CDC, 2005; Escorcia et al. 2008). In case selective pressures (such as neutralizing antibodies, suboptimal receptor binding or chemical antivirals) are acting during viral replication on a host or population scale, mutants with corresponding selective advantages(e.g. escape from neutralisation, reshaped receptor-binding

Influenza type A in humans is the most common flu virus type and the one that causes the most severe symptoms out of types A, B and C. There are 17 hemagglutinin (HA) and 10 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of the influenza A virus, which are perpetuated in aquatic birds. The two proteins

There are many different types of flu, categorized most broadly by influenza A, B, and C strains. They are further classified by genetic differences represented by H and N. Seasonal flus are either type A or B and classified by H3N2, swine flu (a flu strain you may remember by the media stir it caused in 2009) is type A and H1N1, and avian flu is type A and H5N1. Type A flu strains are considered to be the most severe and are usually the only type of influenza that can cause a pandemic.

I would treat the new strain just as the CDC already handles the flu virus. The Flu vaccine is given every year to provide protection from flu viruses. Flu viruses constantly change but with information sciences and technology, the CDC helps to provide prevention and control. Every year the CDC evaluates public data that contains which flu viruses are making people sick, the extent to which those viruses are spreading, and how well the previous year’s vaccine provided protection (CDC, 2012). The CDC (2012) states, “Public health surveillance is essential to the practice of public health and to guide prevention and control activities and evaluate outcomes of such activities” (p. 10). The CDC works closely with the state and local health departments

Avian Influenza is an infectious disease that is transmitted mostly by infected birds. This influenza has three types: A,B,C. The most fatal one is the type A. The virus first appearance was in migratory shore bird in Africa in 1960. Avian Flu was first discovered in humans in Hong Kong in 1997. By that time the virus was not known as a Bird Flu, so there were feared that the virus would sweep the community and kill many because another subtype of influenza swept around the world in 1918 (Davidson, 2011)

Seasonal influenza viruses can cause mild to severe illness and even death, particularly in some high-risk individuals. People at increased risk for severe disease include pregnant women, very young, very old and immune-compromised individuals, and people with chronic underlying medical conditions. That being said, type C virus is associated with only minor symptoms, but types A and B remain the most influential as they are mostly related to the major outbreaks of influenza. Type A influenza viruses are further divided into two groups according to the combinations of the hemagglutinin or “H” protein and the neuraminidase or “N” protein, which are found on the surface of the virus. This type is the most spread and can affect humans and animals. Type B virus can also be divided to two subtype viruses that are considered to belong to the seasonal influenza family, being named after the area they were first identified: Victoria lineage and Yamagata lineage. Since type C of the virus is not very dangerous and does not cause any major health threat, only types A and B are included in vaccines for the seasonal flu, an annual challenge that threatens professionals, scientists and public health leaders.