Infection Case Study

It is important for one to understand how microorganisms function as well as their identity. Identifying unknown microorganisms are beneficial to both scientist and patients. Reason being is due to bacterium capable of becoming resistant to antibiotics over a period of time. In order for doctors to treat patients to the best of their ability it is vital that they are able to identify the bacteria first in order to provide proper treatment. In order to identify the two unknown bacterium proper procedures were done. This study was done by applying all of the necessary methods that have been learned thus far in the microbiology laboratory.

The prolific use of antibiotics in agricultural operations is raising concern because it is fed to their livestock, which is then excreted into the soil. The antibiotic concentration in the soil is producing antibiotic resistant bacteria. Plants that get exposed to this type of soil get their biochemistry disrupted. The following study was conducted as an attempt to determine if plant growth rate and peroxidase activity were two factors that are affected by the presence of antibiotics. To test this out, a specific amoxicillin- water solution was given to eight treatment plants. These plants were then compared to eight control plants. By statistically analyzing the data obtained using ANOVA, it was found that the null hypothesis was supported and that the antibiotic treatment had no significant effect on either growth or peroxidase activity.

The fruit that is examined in this study is a strawberry. The infected strawberry in displayed in figure 1, appears to be fully covered in mycelial growth. Mycelial consists of white filaments also known as hyphae (mould), which seems to be growing on the strawberry. Within the branched hyphae there are multiple black spores that surround the fruit. Although the fruit appears to be shriveled, there appears to be an access amount of liquid which remains on the parafilm and the inner components of the fruit are moist and soft. The multiple stages of mycelial that are growing on the fruit in figure 1, demonstrates signs of the pathogen. The

It was observed when classifying micro-organisms to gram-negatives and positive. Gram-negative (Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp.) were more prevalent in hot (41%, n=7), presented in the same number and percentage of cases for both dry and wet seasons (29%, n=7).

The pathogen that causes the Brown patch disease is among the Rhizoctonia species, more specifically Rhizoctonia solani, according to the American Phytopathological Society (Tredway and Burpee, 2014). The aforementioned species are traditionally included with a group

coliO245: H8 or Salmonella to get underlying inoculums of 7 to 9 log and 2 to 3 log CFU/g intended for strawberries as well as verdant greens, individually. Tests were atmosphere pressed. Strawberries were put away at 5, 11, 16, and 23°C and rosemary blossoms and other verdant greens at 5, 16, and 23°C 7 days (or fewer if ruined some time recently). Equally Salmonella and E. coli O245: H8 demonstrated a continuous abatement in figures if immunized on strawberries, through comparative lessening saw at 3, 11, and 165°C (4 to 5 log following nine days). Notwithstanding, at 16°C (and 11°C for E. coli O245: H8), the endurance test ceased before day 7, because vanish of mutual pathogens underneath the minor furthest reaches of identification was accomplished or decay happened. At 23°C, strawberries were mildew covered following 3 or 5 days. Around then, a 2-to 3-log lessening of in cooperation pathogens had happened. Confined cease to exist (all things considered 1.0 log) and increment (all things considered, 0.7 logs) of pathogens on sage leaves occurred following seven days of capacity at 7 and 22°C, individually. On verdant greens, a practically identical reduction as on basil was seen following four days at 8°C. At 23°C, in cooperated pathogens expanded to advanced figures on crisp engrave chunk of ice and buttered lettuce leaves (by and large 1.0 log), most likely because of the nearness of

Powdery mildew is cause by a biotrophic, obligate fungus Uncinula necator now known as Erysiphe necator (Schw.) Burr (Sall, M. A. 1980). It is the most devastating and widespread disease of grapevine in the world and causes the significant loss to grape yield and quality (Gadoury et al. 2012). This is the major grape vine disease causing significant yield reduction each year in California, which is the top grape producing state in the United States (Gubler et al. 1999). This disease infect all the commercially grown grape species, but the susceptibility differs with cultivars.

Many studies have been done pertaining to ways to remove different types of bacteria from the fresh fruits and vegetables that are commonly consumed. Currently there is little research available that maps the types of bacteria commonly found on fruits and vegetables (Leff and Fierer 2013). Many different standards have been set forth to measure produce quality with some of these standards including a count of the coliforms, Escherichia coli, and the aerobic bacteria count (Wood et. al). This study aims to compare the number of coliforms found on organic vs. conventionally grown Malus pumila before and after washing with distilled water.

These macergens infect and destroy plant tissues both pre- and postharvest and this species causes the greatest damage to harvested vegetables (Amy 2007). There is need to ensure a continuous cold chain from immediately postharvest to retail to successfully manage this ubiquitous spoilage bacterium that only thrive well at temperatures of 20°C and above. The fluorescent Pseudomonads (i.e. P. fluorescens and P. viridiflava) can macerate plant parenchymatous tissues at a temperature below 4°C, this cause for high occurrence of these bacteria on decayed vegetables both at wholesale and retail markets. These soft-rotting fluorescent Pseudomonads and Erwinia, therefore become the major threat to commercial fresh product operations and fresh vegetables precisely, from the farm to retail and wholesale outlets. However, there are currently no commercial agents available specifically for controlling soft rot (Dong et al. 2004; Latour et al. 2008). Despite advances in vegetable production and diseases management, many challenges face growers of vegetables, out of which the major one is the damage caused by macergens (Pérombelon 2002). Macergens damage the tissues of vegetable thereby reducing the quality, yields and shelf-life and consumer satisfaction of these plants. They usually cause great economic losses due to

Incidentally, a study by khan et al. (2012) used the rhizobacteria Paenibacillus lentimorbus B-30488r as foliar spray to control early blight disease in tomato and results suggested that foliar application of bacteria reduced disease incidence by 45.3% via inducing plant resistance, degrading the fungus cell wall, and competing for nutrients. Furthermore, results in Fig (2) indicated that blight disease symptoms in plants treated with S. proteamaculans and challenged with A. solani was reduced significantly compared to untreated plants. Accordingly, the observed alleviation of disease severity and symptoms could be attributed to increase tomato resistance to infection due to S. proteamaculans application where the indirect mechanism of S. proteamaculans as a sole possible mechanism against the pathogen and induction of the plant defence system was the only explanation of resistance.

For the bioassays, test strains, from common foodborne pathogens and spoilage ‎bacteria, were selected for examination. Examined

This topic presents disease of plant. The name of the disease is citrus canker which is bacterial disease. Firstly, Citrus Canker, cancrosis A, brought about by Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, is a damaging problem of such products as grapefruit, sweet orange and tangelo. In any case, satsuma mandarin, Ponkan and Hassaku orange are impervious to the problem. Resistance of citrus species to ulcer, considering inalienable as well as obtained attributes. Secondly, This essay gives a basic understanding of the disease which includes symptoms and its annual disease cycle. Annual disease cycle comprises of the survival, dispersal, infection and the spread of the disease throughout the crop cycle. The topic covers the effects of common environmental and management factors. Thirdly, The control strategies that might be used to prevent the infection by using cultural , biological as well as chemical methods. Fourthly, the feasibility of managing disease pesticides and its sustainability.

Green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is one of the most important pulse crop of the arid and semiarid tropics (Chen et al., 1987). It is an excellent source of easily digestible protein. Several factors are responsible for low production of Green gram. Among them, diseases play an important role (Nene, 1980; Pal, 1996). Many fungal pathogens, some of which are seed transmitted, often reduce the germination ability or kill the infected plants or substantially reduce the productive capacity. However,

During 2013-2014 growing seasons, forty three isolates of Pestalotiopsis spp were recovered from guava leaves and fruits showed scab symptoms from different regions in EL-Beheira governorate. Five Pestalotiopsis species were recognized according to the morphological characteristics of fungal colony (Colony color, Size and number of acervulii) and conidia (Length, Width, and Color of median cells, Length and the number of apical and basal appendages); they were P. psidii, P. microspora, P. clavispora, P. neglecta and Pestalotiosis sp. All the isolates recovered were pathogenic to the cv. Balady of guava fruits. However, P.psidii isolates were the most highly pathogenic followed by P. neglecta, P. clavispora, P. microspora and Pestalotiopsis sp, respectively. RAPD-PCR analysis using five random oligonucleotide primers revealed DNA fingerprints and considerable variations were revealed with primers tested. Bar marker showed a common band for all Pestalotiopsis isolates and species at 500bp, while BAQ, 18 and A9B4 exhibited banding pattern similar for all isolates of the same species which were different from that of the other species. Scab disease control of infected fruits by chitosan as s natural product was tested. The in vitro 2.5% chitosan application significantly inhibited the growth of Pestalotiopsis spp tested by 86.53% on agar plates.

In the orchard studies of 2014 season, significant variations (P<0.05) on disease severity (Table 4). Disease severity increased with increasing conidial concentration. The conidial concentration of 5000/ml was minimum for 1% disease severity in mature detached fruits in lab. The interaction between inoculation date and inoculum concentrations indicated the dependency of disease development on growth stages of fruits besides conidial concentrations (Fig. 5).