Infectious Desease Research Paper

A ‘spillover’ , also referred to as zoonosis, can be best described as a disease that has the capability to cross from another species to human beings. The scientists until now, have been successful in identifying approximately 200 zoonotic diseases. In the recommended book, Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic, Davis Quammen has highlighted the emergence and significant effects of zoonotic both human and animal all over the Blue planet. He has covered a good number of the infamous diseases including the Ebola, HIV, malaria, SARS, influenza and Lyme disease.

When it comes to zoonotic and vector-borne disease, they are on a steady rise due to a few factors controlled by the humans. Some of the factors helping to increased thee rise are the changing environment such as deforestation, conversion of grassland, and irrigation. Each of these directly affect the environment in which zoonotic and vector-borne disease thrive in putting more humans in direct contact with the disease. Other factors affecting the environment are the growing human population as well as behaviors which comes with a growing population. This would include migration patterns which can be seen with refugees traveling westward along with the after math of wars and urbanizations. Other contributing factors are the mass processing

While the disease is not explicitly stated within the film, consensus from critics and from what I’ve gathered in lecture is that the disease is something related to SARS. The film portrays the flow of the disease beginning in an animal and eventually making its way into a human, who eventually facilitates the beginning of human-human transmission. The film stresses the importance of understanding how the disease was originally transmitted and contracted. This film also gives one a clear idea as to what would happen if animal-human-human transmission became commonplace. It provides realistic outcomes that call for the need of continued research of species

v. Occurs most often in farmers close to live stock. Virus arise in pigs that become simultaneously infected with both avian and human viruses.

For example, Eoearth.org writes, “It's believed that the Ebola virus was transmitted to who fed on monkeys. Since December of 2013, about two thousand people in Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Nigeria have become infected with Ebola. Half of them died from the virus.” Poaching is an extremely serious issue.It can quickly kill many people and animals in a matter of minutes. For example,“In Uganda, the outbreak of Anthrax in early 2000 was associated with people eating or transporting infected animals from Queen Elizabeth National Park. Anthrax is a serious infectious disease that chiefly affects animals but can also occur in people.” States Eoearth.org. Anthrax can easily end most of the animal population and some of the human population. Poaching is extremely serious but it is not taken as that way. Poaching can be the cause of many deaths and extinction. But it can be

When people are exposed to it, there is a 30% to 60% chance that the infection will remain asymptomatic and the individual won’t show a body rash or experience a fever (Baron et al. 1990). The individuals that do express the manifestation of symptoms may show overlapping symptoms that could be mistaken for at least 30 different diseases, however, the main characteristic remains that the red/pink rash starts in the face, spreads to the upper torso and descends and it goes again in the order it came (Baron et al. 1990). Also, the rash lasts 3 days. It is reported that as the infection happens in an older age, the symptoms increase in severity compared to the pathogenicity of an infected child. The person that comes in contact and acquires the infection will experience intrinsic incubation of fourteen to twenty-one days until the infection becomes symptomatic or asymptomatic. Some symptoms that manifest are low-grade fever that usually remains below 101 degrees F, upper respiratory symptoms that are like the flu, like runny nose, allergies, lymphadenopathy, which is the swelling of the lymph nodes beneath the cranium around the neck and the posterior cervical and postauricular

Secondly, a factor of the environment which assisted in the advancement of Eurasia was the immunity to diseases. With the domestication of animals, came several diseases. When raising livestock people interact with animals more than if they were hunting the animal. The animals have to be cleaned, fes and cooperated on a daily basis. The interaction between animals and humans, allows germs to evolve in order to spread onto a human host. Most lethal diseases come from animals or other living things. “(Think of AIDS, an explosively spreading human disease that appears to have evolved from a virus resident in wild African monkeys.)” (Diamond, pg. 197) Additionally, leprosy came from dogs, syphilis originated in sheep, and smallpox originally was

In studying cases of disease in animals, a more severe case of the cold was observed in pigs that was similar to a pandemic of

RT-PCR is used for confirmation of acute infections (5). The RT-PCR is a one step process with the use of SYBR green I dye and the primer set “Filo-A (5’-ATCGGAATTTTTCTTTCTCATT-3’) and Filo-B (5’-ATGTGGTGGGTTATAATAATCACTGACATG-3’),” which is used to amplify the L genes of EBO virus (6). Other PCR methods include TaqMan probe-based that uses a probe that is labeled at the 5’ end with the reporter dye 6-carboxyfluorescein and a quencher tag at the 3’ end (6). These primer sets are used to identify the virus but there are more primer sets available for identification of the target gene of specific strains in question for the virus (see Table 2. “Primers used for RT-PCR amplification…”

According to a journal written by the CDC zoonotic diseases are diseases that are spread between animals and humans. These diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi that are carried by animals and insects (CDC, 2013). The CDC also states that more than 6 out of every 10 infectious diseases in humans are spread from animals. Many humans interact with animals on a daily basis. Not only do we keep animals as pets but we also raise them for food. Because humans are constantly interacting with animals it is important that we gain a better understanding on different ways humans can come into contact with zoonotic diseases. Through extensive research and prior knowledge the breakdown of zoonotic

http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/180/6/1957.short Accessed 8th of September 2015. Online ISSN 1537-6613. written in 1999 by infectious diseases.

There is an outbreak that occurred in the United States. Many local hospitals have reported a lot of patients becoming ill with high fevers , congestion , and difficulty breathing. The thing that each of the hospitalized patients had in common is that they had come into recent contact with some of the local farmers. After receiving several reports the CDC have investigators at local hospital's assessing the extent of the illness. The US Dept. of Agriculture have made a visit to a farm for an inspection in regards to multiple people and pets becoming ill. The inspector notices signs and symptoms in some of the pigs that are coughing (barking), runny nose, congestion, breathing difficulties, high fevers, nasal discharge, and a loss of appetite.

A zoonotic disease is a disease that originally was contracted from an animal but can passed from human to human as well.

This hemorrhagic fever is characterized by a sudden onset and presents a fever, chills and myalgia to those who are infected. After five to seven days post exposure, the infected

Of all known human pathogens 60% are zoonotic, meaning they are naturally transmissible from vertebrate or invertebrate animals to humans and vice-versa. Emerging infectious diseases are those that are newly discovered, newly evolved, or experiencing recent expansion of incidence, geography, host or vector range (Chomel, 2008). Viruses and bacteria are the most numerous of emerging pathogens, however parasites and particularly protozoa more so that helminths have also become adept at finding new ways to prosper.