Inflammation Is The Immune System

What role does the immune system play in keeping the body safe? Please be very specific [9 pts]

Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common causes of dementia. The term 'dementia' describes a set of symptoms, which can include memory loss, changes in mood and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms occur when certain diseases and conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, damage the brain. Alzheimer's disease could be described as a physical disease affecting the brain. During the course of the disease, protein 'plaques' and 'tangles' develop

Down the road, added sugar has increased health complications tenfold. According to Quanhe Yang, from the Center of Disease and Control, “ 'death resulting from cardiovascular disease increases exponentially from added sugar consumption.' ”(Hellmich) Atherosclerosis, the most common cause of cardiovascular disease, is caused by correctable problems such as

Dementia is a syndrome which is progressive in nature, characterized by impairment of memory and loss of intellectual ability.1 Decreased level of Acetylcholine in the brain, neuro-inflammatory reaction, rise in the oxidative stress and hypercholesterolemia have been reported to play an important etiological role in the memory decline.2 Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia which is a progressive and a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of senile plaques rich in insoluble aggregates of β amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. AD has been estimated to account for 50–60% of dementia cases in persons over 65 years of age worldwide.3 Alzheimer’s Disease International

The major signs of inflammation are pain, swelling, redness, and heat. The main reason for these signs in the presence of inflammation are (i) Pain is due to chemicals released by the nerve endings, provoking the area to be more sensitive. (ii) Swelling is caused by fluid buildup around the blood vessels of the affected area. (iii) Redness occurs because the capillaries in the affected area are filled with more blood than usual. (iv) Heat is the result of more blood flow in the affected area, that makes it feel warm to the touch.

Scientists believe that the combinations of genetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle play a huge part in Alzheimer’s disease. Scientists are learning that age-related changes may harm neurons. These changes include shrinking of the brain, and inflammation. In early-onset genetic mutation is usually the cause, and people thirty to sixty represent less than five percent of people with Alzheimer’s disease. In late-onset

“Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a type of dementia, which is affecting the population that develops in the brain and can lead to problems with memory, thinking and behavior”. The Amyloid Hypothesis claims that the build up of the beta-amyloid in the brain is a cause in the development of Alzheimer disease in patients. This plaque of the beta-amyloid and its cascade of events can be linked to the deterioration and negative effects of cognitive function of the brain over time. The beta-amyloid is described to be a “sticky” protein located in the brain therefore plaques or build up of the amyloid is common. These plaques in turn can block the brain cells from communicating with each other. Which then activates an immune system, that leads to inflammation

Sugar is one of the main causes for diabetes. For example, sugar contributes a huge role in diabetes, “Type 2 diabetes occurs as a result of a lack of insulin production or an increased resistance to insulin [1]. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that allows for the regulation of the uptake of glucose. It is released in response to increased glucose levels in the blood and allows for individual cells to take up glucose from the blood to metabolise it.A high-sugar diet has been linked with an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes due to the links between high sugar intake and obesity.” www.actiononsugar.org With having higher risks of health problems you feel as if you're not the best you could be. So much sugar making you feel

The body requires sugar (Espat, 2015). However, there is recent speculation that sugar can cause cancer. “More than one million people in the United States (US) get cancer each year” (American Cancer Society, 2016). Most Americans eat more than double the recommended daily intake of sugar each day (Espat, 2015). According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020, individuals should not consume more than 10% of their calories from sugar (US Department of Agriculture, 2016). While increased sugar intake can lead to other issues, such as obesity, which is associated with cancer, “diabetes and cancer occur together more often than would be expected by chance alone” (Oncology Nutrition, 2016).

Alzheimer’s disease is not something we can control. The disease is a progressive, permanent, and overwhelming brain illness that causes cognitive decline, including memory, language and thinking problems. After many decades of trying to find a cure, there still isn’t one, although researchers continue to make progress. “It is unknown what causes Alzheimer’s disease but older age and family history appear to play a role” (Shu, 2011). Not only do age and family history play a factor in Alzheimer’s disease, changes to the immune system can also play a part. This could play a large role in why we do not have a cure, because we do not know, with certainty, what causes it.

Inflammatory pain is a type of nociceptive pain resulting from inflammatory mediators that activate the peripheral and central nervous system. It presents with swelling, heat, erythema, and pain. Clinical examples are burn, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.28

The first reason is sugar is the number one cause in the things we eat and drink. It can cause obesity because the more we eat it, it will get more addicting and will get people fatter. Also everyone would be out of shape and lazy. Second, sugar can cause heart problems which is a risk of death. It will make our heart stop then right there we can die without even knowing we are eating too much of it. The last reason is diabetes sometimes it follows through family history but sugar is the cause of it. People will have to take blood test mostly everyday and make sure your blood pressure gets lowered. In conclusion, sugar is the number one cause in foods and drinks.

The four cardinal signs of inflammation are redness, pain, swelling, and heat or hot to the touch (College, 2013). These relate to the changes in the blood vessels at the site of inflammation in different ways. Redness in the area becomes a sign due to the increase of blood flow within the area (College, 2013). Pain in the area is a cardinal sign because vessels vasodilate by relaxing the smooth vascular muscle via prostaglandins (College, 2013). Swelling is a cardinal indicator of inflammation due to the inflammatory mediator histamine increases the area of permeability in the surrounding capillaries causing plasma to seep out of the area causing fluid buildup such as swelling (College, 2013). Heat or an area being hot to the touch is also

According to the most recent evidence, there is a direct link between chronic inflammation and certain types of cancer. Inflammation generally occurs due to a bacterial or viral infection, such as a chronic bladder infection, which over time may be more susceptible to bladder cancer. This is especially true for individuals who are overweight or obese, or exhibit disorders like diabetes, hepatitis A and B, HIV/AIDS, and other bacterial/viral disorders.

Neuroinflammation is inflammation responses in the nervous system. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of all major CNS diseases. (Farooqui, 2007) In human body, inflammation in the nervous system, especially the central nervous system (CNS), can course severe diseases, for example chronic neurodegenerative conditions, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and even depression(Lucas et al.,2014). The structure of brain has its own features, which course the differences between inflammation in brain and other tissues of human body. The brain has several protective mechanisms. First, its own protective shield, the blood brain barrier (BBB), and second its lack of a conventional lymphatic drainage system. Third, it has its own immunoregulatory cells that include endothelial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. These cells serve to protect and nourish the brain and to maintain its homeostasis. (Gendelman, 2002(18)). Take Alzheimer’s disease as an example, there is an association between chronic CNS inflammation and AD pathogenesis. Neuropathological studies show that a neuroinflammatory response in the cerebral neocortex parallels the early stages of AD pathology and precedes the late stage, tau-related pathology. Epidemiological and genetic studies indicate that systemic markers of the innate immunity are risk factors for late-onset AD. (Eikelenboom,2010(17)). Experimental findings