Influence Of Bmi On Cardiac Output And Peripheral Blood Flow

Obesity is a big problem in our world today. From the beginnings of 1970’s, America is known for the country on the fast track for being overweight. Obesity can cause health related issues among the people. From the early childhood onwards kids got attacked by the type II diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure and some other lifelong diseases.

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are a growing problem around the world today. Not only do diseases such as diabetes and heart disease affect individuals and their lifestyles, they also affect the economy, politics, education and the professional work environment. 20-26% of individuals in the United States live with heart disease, and obesity and high blood pressure compose the greatest factors for developing this disease [20]. Studies have shown a direct correlation between the amount of sedentary time and cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk, regardless of baseline measurements [20]. Thus, increase in physical activity will decrease cardiometabolic risk factors [8]. Several studies indicate a positive correlation between physical activity and decreased cardiometabolic risk markers [2,4,11,16]. However, we now know that an individual who is getting the recommended physical activity per day can still have a large amount of sedentary time.

Overweight and obesity, an excessive accumulation of body fat, is one of the major public health challenge in the 21st century, affecting one in every six people worldwide (World Health Organization, 2013a). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimation, globally over 42 million children under the age of five were overweight in 2010 (WHO, 2011). A recent study estimated that the worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschool children aged 2-5 years increased from 4.2% to 6.7% within two decades and is expected to reach 12.7% by 2020 (de Onis et al., 2010). The results of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicated that in the United State (US) obesity among pre-school children increased from 5% to 10.4% between 1976-1980 and 2007-2008 respectively. In addition, about 17% (or 12.5 million) of children and adolescents aged 2-19 years were obese in the US in 2007-2008 (Pan et al., 2012). A recent study by Grow et al. (2010) found that obesity was mostly prevalent among poor or minority groups with low socioeconomic status residing in disadvantaged areas in the US.

The hypertensive subjects are overweight so they are expected to have high neck circumference, abdominal obesity and arterial stiffness also the measurement of these variable will be taken by stretch resistance tape which will provide reliable and valid data for screening.

The increase in childhood obesity is a new phenomenon in the United States, childhood obesity is the result of a sustained energy imbalance. According to (Moore, Wilke, & Desrochers, 2017) only one in five youth (21 %) eat the required daily servings of fruits and vegetables. Another 40 % of the calories children consume are empty calories due to solid fats and added sugars, about half of the six popular foods-soda, fruit

Obesity is a health crisis amongst children and young people, which arises when there is a shortage in energy outflow and greater consumption of energy from food and drink; thus a build-up of excess fat is a result of this which indicates a risk to health (WHO,2015). Contributing factors increase in childhood obesity such as the availability of cheaper higher calorific food and physical inactivity (Marmot 2010). In addition the correlation between poor diet and obesity is evident from the figures released by the National Child measurement programme, which states that 22% children in year one in primary school are overweight or obese (Nutrition and Food Science 2011). Moreover, plummeting obesity in children is fundamental, as overweight or obese children are more likely to become obese adults (Bhadoria et al 2015) (Marmot,

Childhood obesity has gained a lot of attention in the recent years especially the 21st century. It is a disease that has beset the lives of so many people around the world for decades. It is considered the most essential health concerns today. The focus of obesity has been shifted to concentrate on the obesity in children. Childhood obesity is on the rise at an alarming rate, especially in poverty stricken communities. Schools, parents and children themselves are all being held responsible for this heart wrenching disease. Food choices are high on the list of reasons for childhood obesity among children. According to the Center for Disease control and Prevention, (2016), the prevalence of obesity has remained is

One thing that the world’s health experts and leaders can agree upon is that obesity is a major health problem in our modern era. Obesity is not only an aesthetic concern, there are also serious medical conditions associated with obesity such as diabetes type 2, heart disease, increased blood pressure, and increased cholesterol. In America alone, over 300,000 people die every year with obesity related health problems. (Sharma) That being said, worldwide there is little agreement about what is a safe BMI (Body Mass Index) to avoid the complications of obesity.

In the United States childhood obesity is the 21st century epidemic and will be for a long time. In the past 3 decades childhood obesity has been on the rise, and currently one and three children is obese. Only 2 percent of the children in the U.S have a healthy diet. Moreover, obesity rates are much higher in children than in adults, and it is the production and promotion of unhealthy foods as well as lack of physical activity that account for this disparity. It is one of the top health concerns facing children and parents in the U.S. Children that are obese face possible health concerns in the future. “The United States, Brazil, China, Russia and other countries have seen the rise of obesity in children more than adults.”20 The United Nations has 48 least developing countries that are still fighting childhood hunger; however, with globalization it has made the world more productive, wealthier, and with that body fat, weight, health and wealth are linked together.

According to statistics release by the Johnson’s Foundation, in 2012, more than one third of children and adolescents were overweight (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 2016). Meaning that one in four children age 10-17 are obese, suffering from multiple side effects that can lead to death. The fact of the matter is that we cannot overlook this societal problem. The constant increase in technology and processed food are two of the leading factors of sedentary lives, unfortunately, they are main

A decrease in the radial (RS) and circumferential strain (CS) is remarkable in patients with diabetes mellitus [51]. Diastolic dysfunction as an early manifestation of diabetic heart has been reported in patients with diabetes mellitus with normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) [52]. Longitudinal appearance is the primary manifestation in diabetics with left ventricular systolic dysfunction [53]. Patients with diabetes type 2 show reduced in systolic and diastolic velocity during exercise [54].

Obesity is defined as the excessive build-up of body fat that has major detrimental effects on an individual’s health (Caballero, 2007). The major cause of this excess accumulation of body fat is due to a positive energy balance i.e. when the input of energy into the body system exceeds the output of energy which in turn facilitates in weight gain (Caballero, 2007). Obesity is a major health issue in modern day society, firstly because it affects approximately 300 million people worldwide (Weight Management Centre and secondly, drastic alteration in the body’s fat intake also leads to the increasing prevalence of other major health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, non-insulin dependent diabetes and hypertension (WMC, 2010).

Childhood obesity is one of the major public health challenges of the 21st century. The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally. In 2013, the number of overweight children under the age of five was estimated over 42 million. Childhood obesity can cause premature death and disability in adulthood. Overweight and obese children will grow up to become obese adults and are more likely to develop diseases like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at a younger age. Many factors can contribute overweight and obesity in children, however a global shift in dietary habits and lack of physical activity play a crucial role. Overweight and obesity are preventable. Unlike adults, children cannot select the environment they live or the food they eat, they are unware about the long term health consequences of their behavior. Therefore, it is important to have strict policies for the prevention of obesity epidemic. School play an important role in fighting against the epidemic of childhood obesity (World Health Organization, 2016). Even after the legislature has enacted laws to support school nutrition and physical education, many states including, Texas has not yet adopted these policies. It is important to have these policies in practice to prevent childhood obesity (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2014). Government play an important role in making sustainable changes in public health. For that reason, the author is intended to

Authors conducting studies concerning obesity and how it affects various systems of the body such as the cardiovascular system, have found various ways that excess adipose tissue negatively affect the cardiovascular system. In 2006, Van Gaal et al. identified numerous mechanisms which link obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The main threats to developing a problem with the cardiovascular system related to obesity are a large amount of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) cholesterol, hypertension and glucose metabolism not working as efficiently as capable. LDL is a bad cholesterol because it can build up in one’s arteries and cause the arteries to not function at full potential in delivering blood throughout the body thus putting more strain

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is described as a collective term for any disease of the heart and its network of vessels composed of arteries, veins and capillaries. These vessels are essential for providing oxygen