Discussion:
The lack of adequate knowledge about risk factors and failure to implement necessary measures has resulted in increasing day-to-day risk factors. Identifying NCDs’ risk factors, implementing control strategies and decreasing the upward trend can have a significant impact on reducing NCDs. In many countries, the incidence and prevalence of chronic and NCDs has risen and this trend is expected to continue upward. The reason for this increase is the increased risk of these diseases in recent years.
Lifestyle changes have increased the prevalence of some important risk factors - such as smoking, lack of physical activity, inappropriate diet, number of people with hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes, which is a
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Due to low age of onset of diabetes in Iran, screening programs, with accuracy and high quality, are required for people over 30 years of age. Prevalence of gestational diabetes was 4.41 percent, which is consistent with previous studies in western countries (18). Because of the differences in age of marriage and fertility in Iran, prevalence of gestational diabetes risk factors is very different, but in general, prevalence of gestational diabetes in Iran is about 1.3 to 18.6% (19).
Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases:
The most significant metabolic risk factor in the world is hypertension (HTN), accounting for 18% of the total global deaths. Prevalence of HTN in this study is lower than other studies. Lack of awareness is one of the reasons for low HTN prevalence (20). The age of diagnosis of HTN is similar to other studies . However, it must be borne in mind that HTN appears earlier than other chronic diseases. Findings of this study indicate that prevalence of HTN in women is nearly twice than men. In some studies, prevalence of HTN is higher in men, while in some other studies, it is higher in women, and the difference is due to differences in prevalence of risk factors, such as obesity and physical inactivity in both sexes (21). As prevalence of the risk factors is higher, among women in Iran, prevalence of HTN in women is more than men, as well (22). If HTN is not controlled or treated, leads to 50%, 33% and about 10 to 15%
Modern medical advancements have significantly decreased the prevalence and severity of infectious disease as well as the treatment of acute, traumatic conditions. Pharmacological research has also gained insight into the management of chronic disease. Still, there is an epidemic of chronic, treatable diseases like stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease. Hypertension proves to be the underlying factor associated with these diseases. Hypertension is often referred to as the silent killer because of its indication in deadly disease, and the importance of monitoring ones blood pressure is vital. Lifestyle, diet, and genetic predisposition are all factors of high blood pressure. Chronic high blood pressure above safe levels, known as hypertension, puts elevated physical stress on the renal and cardiovascular systems. By controlling this factor in patients, healthcare providers can decrease cardiovascular events, improve health outcomes, and decrease overall mortality. Patient education is often overlooked in its role in the control and prevention of high blood pressure. This paper analyzes the causes and physiology behind high blood pressure as they relate to the current nursing interventions. The role of nurses is discussed in relation to patient education regarding high blood pressure, and educational approaches are analyzed.
Tobacco use also increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, whether it being smoking or chewing tobacco. The risk is particularly higher if the person started smoking at a young age, smokes heavily and/or if the person is a woman. No matter how long that person has been smoking for, stopping can make a major difference when it comes to cardiovascular diseases. Physical inactivity is also a modifiable risk factor, obesity is a big problem in many countries and it increases the risk of heart diseases by 50%. Obesity also leads people to diabetes, which is also a risk. 31% or coronary heart diseases and 11% of the strokes worldwide are due to a high diet in fats, this is a big deal in certain countries because high diets in fats are seen everywhere. Another factor is being poor. It is normal that low income will make people's lives lean towards a stressful one, one where there is social anxiety, isolation and depression, which are all reasons why a person can get cardiovascular diseases. When someone abuses alcohol, drinking more than two drinks a day, it increases their risks as well. There are a few other modifiable risk factors, such as taking certain medications.
Fourgere stated, “Resilience is one of purported protective factor that has been highlighted as being of potential importance.” This was stated in regards of some protective factors that are involved with risk factors in offenders. Protective factors are those supposedly known to relate to positive outcomes. Protective factors are those conditions or attributes such as skills, strength, resources, supports, or coping strategies in individuals, families, communities or larger societies that help people deal more effectively with stressful events and mitigate or eliminate risk in families and communities. Resilience is the capacity to recover quick from difficulties. This is a trait or characteristic that has been thought to keep some young offenders from reoffending, Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for Violence Risk, and Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability are some risk assessment tools that related to resilience. Resilience has been identified as both a personal quality or characteristic, as well as a means of coping. Forensics concluded resilience being a trait, a quality that makes one person different from another, or a characteristic, a special quality or trait that makes a person thing, or group different from others. Both defined show a few similarities but remained distinct depending solely on the individual and their circumstances.
According to Mason et al., chronic conditions are the number one cause of death in the United States (Mason et al., 2016 p. 275). These chronic illnesses include pulmonary disease, arthritis, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, neurological disease, alcoholism, mental health disorders, gastroenterology conditions, lupus, liver disease, cancers, and many more. While some conditions have uncontrollable risk factors such as age, genetics, gender, and race, society has a large contribution to these poor health conditions as well. Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use, physical and emotional stress, lack of exercise, sleep deprivation, and poor dietary choices all increase the chance of developing a chronic illness.
The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).
Hypertension is sometimes referred to as the silent killer (Aycock, Kirkendoll, & Gordon, 2013). Today it is a public health problem. According to the American Heart Association 2013 Statistical Fact Sheet (2013), one out of every three adults has high blood pressure, which is estimated at 77.9 million people (AHA, 2013). High blood pressure is also referred to as hypertension. Hypertension is a prevalent medical condition that carries with it the risk factor for increased chances of heart disease and stroke (Gillespie & Hurvitz, 2013). Hypertension remains one of the top 10 causes of worldwide disability-adjusted life years (as cited in Drenjančević-Perić et al., 2011). For the estimated 348, 102 deaths in 2009, high blood pressure was listed as the primary or contributing cause of death (AHA, 2013). Despite the health risk associated with hypertension, the diagnoses of high blood pressure continue to rise. By 2030, hypertension is expected to increase by 7.2% from 2013 estimates (AHA, 2013).
The modern day society evolves at a rapid pace and these evolutions and quick developments do not tardy to generate a negative impact upon the health of the individuals. More women working outside the home and an increased emphasis on career materializes in a decreased attention to home cooked meals and their replacement with fast food items, which are cost effective, but highly unhealthy. More time spent in front of the computer and the television set translates into a sedentary life style, which also generates negative impacts upon the health of the community.
• An increase in chronic conditions such as circulatory, respiratory diseases, cancers and in the economically and care dependent populations is therefore likely.
Hypertension is a very common problem, affecting 1 billion people worldwide, with 50 million cases in the United States, and one third of cases going undiagnosed. 1% of the cases will experience a hypertensive emergency in their life. (1,2)
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is referred to as a disease occurred in the heart, arteries or blood vessels. CVD can cause other diseases in the heart such as stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD) and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). (Ruskin, 2013). Cardiovascular disease has been recognised as a health priority area in Australia as it is one of the foremost leading causes of sickness and death (Ruskin, 2013). Cardiovascular disease can be qualified to a number of adaptable determinants. In regards to the sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants, individuals in the Australian population relate with these determinants to implement ways to reduce people’s health (J.Cardiol. 2010).
The problem of hypertension is growingly becoming a major reason for worldwide mortality and morbidity. The problem may not be externally visible in a person who is suffering from it but internally it can cause stroke, cardiac failure and kidney problems. It has been predicted by experts that the number of people suffering from hypertension will grow by 60 percent by the year 2025 and the major risk factors linked to the problem are diabetes and obesity. Although the condition is globally prevalent and intense research are being made into it, no signal cure or effective treatment can be found which can protect body from hypertension without having any side effects. Exercise to reduce hypertension and herbal pills to reduce hypertension offer the best and risk free ways to regulate the condition.
Preventive measures are imperative in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). De Backer mentions that having a lifestyle incorporating poor diet, lack of physical activity, and smoking greatly contributes to the risk factors of individuals with CVD (2017).
A risk factor can be defined as an individual’s characteristic or exposure which increases the possibility of developing a disease. There are two types of risk factors; behavioural and biomedical risk factors. Behavioural risk factors can be modified by the individuals, while biomedical risk factors are bodily states which arise as a consequence of behavioural risk factors (WHO, 2009). Smoking, alcohol consumption, daily intake of fruits and vegetables are some examples of behavioural risk factors. The examples for biomedical risk factors are obesity, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia (Freyer-Adam, Gaertner, Tobschall, & John, 2011).
Hypertension is widely considered to be one of the most important risk factors of cardiovascular diseases (angina, arrhythmia, etc.). It is the second leading disease that causes mortality in the world. Hypertension is the condition when there is an increase in the force of blood on the walls of vessels. It can also be defined as an arterial blood pressure that is raised above 140/90 mm Hg (systolic/ diastolic BP). Hypertension can be classified into Secondary hypertension and Essential hypertension. When specific cause is evident but heredity, and various physiological parameters play a role in increasing blood pressure is known as Essential Hypertension. Secondary Hypertension is one where the cause is known. According to WHO guidelines between 2006 and 2015, deaths due to cardiovascular diseases are expected to increase by 17% while the deaths from infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, maternal and prenatal conditions are projected to decline by 3%. The main causes of hypertension includes the age ,hereditary, gender, extra weight, alcohol consumption, stress life, lazy life etc.
The two major types of hypertension are primary and secondary. Primary hypertension accounts for more than 90% of all cases and has no known cause, although it is hypothesized that genetic factors, hormonal changes, and the altercations in sympathetic tone all may play a role in its development. Secondary hypertension develops as a consequence of an underlying disease or condition. The prevention and treatment of hypertension is a major public health issue. When blood pressure is controlled, cardiovascular, renal disease, and stroke may be prevented. The JCN, reported more than 122 million individuals in American are overweight or obese, consume large amounts of dietary sodium and alcohol, and do not eat adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables; less than 20% exercise regularly. Both modifiable and non-modifiable factors play a role in the development of hypertension