Influenza In Human's Pathology

Influenza is an infectious illness that can be spread from one individual to the next. It can be transmitted by means of saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood. It can also be spread by coming in contact with the virus on contaminated surfaces. Influenza is responsible for an average of 36,000 deaths and for more than 226,000 hospitalizations each year in the United States. (Davidson, 2007-2009, Davis, 2007).

Every year, millions of people start talking about the influenza virus and getting their vaccines as the flu season approaches, which starts around the October-November period and reaches its peak between December and March. Therefore, public health officials around the world- and in the U.S in particular- are constantly challenged by properly preparing for the annual influenza dilemma, given that this viruses, and other respiratory viruses, are a serious health threat to the U.S population and the world as a whole. Furthermore, what makes the influenza virus even more challenging to control is that it can mutate rapidly and reassort to form new strains, having the ability to reside in multiple animal hosts. In fact, many scientists and researchers have been doing in-depth intensive research so as to understand the mechanism behind this unique characteristic of the virus, try to find new ways to control it, and explore different areas of protection and vaccination.

Influenza is very contagious and spreads rapidly from person to person. Influenza causes worldwide yearly epidemics. According to World Health organization Influenza affects 5-15% world’s population and resulting in 500,000 deaths yearly. Ottenberg stated that, in United States, an average of 200,000 were hospitalized and 36,000 died each year from influenza complications. Influenza is the sixth leading cause of death among US adults and is related to 1 in 20 death in persons older than 65 years. Disease control and prevention estimates indicate that infections like H1N1 which is one of the types of influenza, have resulted in an estimated 42 to 86 million cases and 8520 to 17620 deaths. As I mentioned earlier that infections like

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus that infects the nose, throat, and lungs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

Influenza, an innocent little virus that annually comes and goes, has always been a part of people’s lives. Knowing this, one would not believe that it has caused not one, not two, but three pandemics and is on its way to causing a fourth! The Spanish flu of 1918, the Asian flu of 1957, and the Hong Kong

There are there types of influenza A and C or the most severe types and B which is the most common, Luckily not the to severe. The virus works by first attaching to the outside of a host cell. It injects its RNA into the cell. Unfortunately our cells treat the RNA like they should. It translates the viral genes using the cell’s ribosomes and enzymes. Now the virus can take the cell over and use it to reproduce more viruses. Sooner or later it releases the new nauseating viruses and they search for another cell to raid.

Avian influenza is a disease that has been wreaking havoc on human populations since the 16th century. With the recent outbreak in 1997 of a new H5N1 avian flu subtype, the world has begun preparing for a pandemic by looking upon its past affects. In the 20th Century, the world witnessed three pandemics in the years of 1918, 1957, and 1968. In 1918 no vaccine, antibiotic, or clear recognition of the disease was known. Killing over 40 million in less than a year, the H1N1 strain ingrained a deep and lasting fear of the virus throughout the world. Though 1957 and 1968 brought on milder pandemics, they still killed an estimated 3 million people and presented a new

Each year, over 200,000 people are hospitalized due to flu related complications and thousands more are affected by it (Liao, Y et al., 2013). The flu is caused by the influenza virus which has a unique history and evolution pattern. This virus has been around for hundreds of years and has survived dozens of vaccines and different treatment methods. It has the ability to evolve and become resistant to vaccines using a variety of methods such as reassortment and antigenetic drift allowing it to still be a problem hundreds of years later.

    Influenza, commonly called the fu, is a viral infection that attacks the respiratory system. 5 to 20 percent of Americans will be infected by the flu virus every year, causing about 200,000 hospitalizations and 36,000 deaths (Colds/Flu, National center for complementary and integrative health, nccih.nih.gov). The influenza virus enters the cell, injects its nucleic acid, transcribes the RNA, assembles the new virion, and begins lysis of the cell.

Influenza is a major health problem faced by people all over the world. It is an extremely contagious airborne disease caused by the influenza virus. Furthermore, influenza is also spread by direct contact with an infected individual and has a numerous health impact on society with tremendous cost. Influenza is one of the most serious diseases, resulting in high sickness and death rates. Every year in the US, in the range of 5 to 20 percent of the total population is affected by influenza. As a consequence of this, between 3,000 and 49,000 deaths occur annually (Biggerstaff et al., 2014). The influenza vaccine is the most effective strategy to prevent influenza. This essay will examine two significant reasons for influenza

Influenza (Flu) viruses are usually spread by droplets through the air when people sneeze, cough, or talk. Though not as common, the virus may also be spread when a person touches a surface or object the virus is on and then touches the mouth or nose. Symptoms include fever, aches, chills, tiredness, sudden onset, coughing, sneezing and sore throat. The CDC reports that most healthy adults may be able to infect others beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 5 to 7 days after becoming ill. Children may pass the virus for longer than 7 days. Symptoms start 1 to 4 days after the virus enters the body. It is possible to pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick. Treatment options for the flu include prescription antiviral drugs and over the counter medications such as pain relievers and decongestants to relive symptoms. Flu shots as well as knowledge of how the flu virus is spread and preventative measures are important ways to mitigate the severity of an outbreak.

Influenza is one of the most contagious illnesses caused by airborne viruses. I can lead to mild or severe illness and even death. Influenza can come suddenly and is marginally different to a ‘Cold”. The virus can cause infections of the lower respiratory tract (lungs) and the upper respiratory tract (throat, nasal). Influenza is disease that may cause symptom such as the following; fever (high body temperature), sore throat, muscle or body aches, cough, Headaches, runny or stuffy nose, fatigue/tiredness (CDC, 2016). it belongs to “Orthomyxoviridae” family of infections, “myxa” meaning ‘mucus’ in Greek. There are three major types of influenza that may also be addressed as different terminologies, such as flu

     A virus called an Orthomyxovirus causes influenza. Often called flu, sometimes-even grippe. It is a very contagious disease, and it infects many parts of our bodies. This also includes are lungs. A person can get influenza if someone coughs, sneezes, or even talks around you while they are infected. Influenza is sometimes considered serious in some cases but can be prevented and treated.

Influenza is a homeostatic imbalance of the respiratory system that is of a changing strain each season. This disease is common, easily infection many people each day. Influenza onset is sudden, and each case can be either severe or mild. Epidemics of influenza began in the 1500s and still occur to the present day. Influenza is likely to infect more parts of the body than the common cold, and it is a highly contagious disease. By studying influenza, one can find the history dating centuries in the past, the onset of the disease, how it is transmitted, its impact, the role of genetics, and treatment of the disease.

The multiplication of the virus occurs in the respiratory tract and the main site of infection occurs in the ciliated columnar epithelial cell. Crowded areas and cold climate favours the spread of the virus. Highest incidence of influenza infection is seen in young population which may be due to lack of exposure to different strains. Children are mainly affected during epidemics (Rao, 2003). The influenza virus triggers pulmonary inflammation resulting in infiltration of inflammatory cells and an immune response. The primary target and the principal host for the virus are Bronchial epithelial cells. Generally influenza viruses are recognized and destroyed by innate immune mechanisms which includes macrophages, interferon (IFN) a, b and other cytokines, natural killer (NK) cells and complement. If influenza viruses escape from these early defense mechanisms, they are captured and destroyed by adaptive immune mechanisms, where T and B cells and their antigen-specific effectors (cytotoxic T lymphocytes, cytokines such as IFNc and antibodies) target the virus. subsequent viral infection is prevented by Antigen-specific memory cells (T and B cells) (Capelozzi et al.,