Chapter 1
1.1 Introduction
Information Retrieval
Information retrieval can be used in a broad term to mean physically bringing out what we have stored or kept earlier in order to use the information on it. For example, we have retrieved information when we retrieve our international passports from our pockets in order to copy the number on it into a form. It can also be described as the act of getting information, relevant to a need
As an academic field of study however, it can be defined as …”finding material…of an unstructured nature…that satisfies an information need from within large collections…”(C. Manning et al, 2008). This kind of information retrieval, used to be limited to a few people or professional searchers, as access to computers was limited at that time while the internet was not yet available. This however is no longer the case in the developed world as most people retrieve information by themselves when they search the web. The earliest form of computerised information retrieval began in the 1940s due to an increase in the production of scientific literature and availability of computers. This however was based on author, title and key words, rather than full text searches which came later. (Cleverdon, C.W. ACM press (1991).According to Mark Sanderson and W. Bruce Croft the capability of retrieval system grew as technology developed and processor speed and storage capacity increased. As the development of these systems led to movement away from manual
Metadata will include access management, preservation, administrative, descriptive, technical and structural data. Much of the metadata will have to be created. The original volumes had no table of contents, index, or other description of the records. Additionally, volumes were arranged chronologically with no attention paid to document type, source, or content. In addition to author, title, publisher, and date, descriptive metadata will be expanded include keywords regarding subjects, individuals, locations, or events referenced in the document, as well as any related documents. This will be a time consuming and costly effort, but it required to maximize the value of the online data to researchers, students, teachers, etc. An index for all volumes was completed after the fact in 1909 and that index will be incorporated into a referential database behind the web page front end, rather than in the metadata itself. A complete list of metadata elements are provided in Appendix
In the Article “How Google, Wikipedia Have Changed Our Lives…” Jennifer Maderazo states that, we’ve become so reliant on electronic information resources. Researching then was implying researching involved going through book after book, making copies, highlighting copies then start to write. Researching Now states that everything research is related to the internet and if not in use there is a feeling of being crippled. In the article learning then gives the feeling of how relying on the classroom experience was more helpful for information. In addition, in learning now says that the tolerance level would be the same as the internet attention span. Based on the past lets us know how we didn’t have the resources to just look up a song or the
The person who I going speak about did amazing things. The person lived during the 1920s-1960s. In this sets of arguments, I am going talk about the 1950s-1960s. In the 1950s, a civils rights movement happens. The civics’ right movement features African Americans that fight for equal civil rights. They were fighting this for centuries however; a major impact helps the African Americans during the 1950s. The congress ruled that segregated education facilities for black children is unequal for the Brown vs. Board of Education case ruling, South resisted this by putting their children in all-whites segregation camp. During 1956, many Southern congressmen sign a “Southern Manifesto” saying that defend segregation.
The majority of the search results were websites, needing a lot of extra research to make sure the information is correct and by legitimate sources.
“Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes (736). While people conduct research or even simply read any form of writing on the internet, they skim through the material. There was a study from the University College London. In this study, researchers analyzed the computer logs of certain users and documented the actions of visitors. The author of this study
The purpose of information retrieval is to provide quality service for the right person at the right time, with all the required information in hand. Only if data is stored in a procedural manner it can be easily retrieved. Information might be retrieved for marketing purposes, for
Information Management is the collection and management of information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences.
Information is data that has been processed so that it has meaning and value to a recipient,
Information is data which is accurate and timely specific and organized for a purpose presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance. Information can lead to an increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty.
In the days before computers and the internet, research for occupational and personal purposes was mostly done in a library. Libraries house thousands of books and articles filled with information about any topic imaginable. But even with aisles labelled by genre and organized with the Dewey Decimal System, it would take someone anywhere from several hours to several days to find the specific information they needed. While public libraries are still available for people to use today, many prefer the speed and efficiency of
In today’s world technology has evolved to the point where a large amount of information is stored in cyberspace. It is because of this type of storage people around the world have an easier time at accessing information than ever before. The time before the late 20th century gathering information was long and tedious to get a book that the library did not own would take at least a couple of weeks depending on the time period or it may not have been possible to obtain that book. But now people can access a vast amount of information in a matter of minutes. Example, in modern times if someone wanted to know about a different culture they could simple look up the information on a computer or any device that had access to
Before the Internet there were limitations on technology, economic developments, knowledge, and entrepreneurship. The Internet has search engines that allow users the ability to retrieve information by typing in keywords associated with the subject required. There are different search engines and it is up to the individual user which one they select to use. Users are very depended on their search engines, because it is an important factor when dealing with the Internet and the information in cyberspace. Search engines provide large volumes of information off of a single
This index can only determine whether a word exists within a particular document, since it stores no information regarding the frequency and position of the word; it is therefore considered to be a Boolean index. Such an index determines which documents match a query but does not rank matched documents. In some designs the index includes additional information such as the frequency of each word in each document or the positions of a word in each document [1]. Position information enables the search algorithm to identify word proximity to support searching for phrases; frequency can be used to help in ranking the relevance of documents to the query. Such topics are the central research focus of information retrieval.
A search for information can take a variety of routes. It might entail a visit to the university library or to some other organization that maintains information on a particular subject. Academic libraries are indeed a critical tool in information
What is information retrieval system? Informational Retrieval System is the activity of obtaining information resources relevant to an information need from a collection of information resources. Web search engines are the most visible. Search can be based on metadata or on full-text (or other content-based) indexing. Automated information retrieval systems are used to reduce what has been called "information overload". Many universities and public libraries use IR systems to provide access to books, journals and other documents.