Cervical Cancer Surgery: What To Expect?
Cervical Cancer - Topic Overview
The cervical cancer indicates the growth of abnormal cells on the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Cervical cancer has the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide as it is the fourth most causes of death from cancer in women. The American Cancer Society estimates that about 12,900 new cases of cervical cancer will be diagnosed in 2015 and about 4100 women will die from it. The cervical cancer can be successfully treated if it’s detected early through a Pap test. Here we’ll discuss about the causes, symptoms, treatment and cervical cancer surgery.
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Hysterectomy: During this type of surgery for treating cervical cancer, the uterus and cervix is removed.
2. Radical hysterectomy: Usually, this type of surgery is recommended for a very small percentage of women with early cervical cancer. This procedure involves the removal of the uterus and cervix as well as the surrounding tissue and the upper part of the vagina. During this procedure, the lymph nodes in the pelvis are removed. If this surgery is performed on older women then the ovaries are removed and if it is performed on the younger women, then the ovaries are left behind so as to preserve the ovarian function.
3. Pelvic extenteration: This type of surgery is an option for women with recurrent or advanced cervical cancer. During this surgery, the cervix, uterus, vagina, bladder, ovaries, rectum and nearby lymph nodes are removed. The tissues from elsewhere from the body is used for reconstructing the vagina. The urine and stool is made to pass into the external bags.
Cervical Cancer survival rates:
The five year survival rate is the percentage of women who survive at least for five years after detection of cancer. The cervical cancer survival rates for all stages are about 68%. If the cervical cancer is detected at an early stage, then the five-year survival rate is nearly
Cervical cancer is when there are malignant cells present in the cervix; it is developed in the lining of the cervix. A cervix is a narrow opening located at the bottom of the uterus that leads into the vagina. Cervical cancer mostly affects women between the ages of 40 and 55. This cancer can be prevented by screening for precancerous cells, and it can also be cured if it is detected at an early stage. Over the past few decades the number of cervical cancer cases has declined dramatically due to a more widespread screening of the disease. Today, it is estimated that 10,000 new
To reduce the risk of ovarian or breast cancer some choose to have a procedure done known as an oophorectomy. This is a removal of your ovaries on each side of your uterus that contain eggs and secrete the hormones that control your reproductive cycle. This greatly reduces the amount of hormones estrogen and progesterone circulating in your body which is the hormones breast and ovarian cancers need to grow. Though a generally safe procedure with small risk complications
Cervical cancer is caused by the uncontrollable growth of cells in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Some signs of cervical cancer are abnormal bleeding in the vagina (between menstrual cycles, after sex, and after menopause), pain in the lower belly, pain during sex, and abnormal vaginal discharge.
In the United States, it is one of the eight-most common cancer of women. According to researches, the data shows that Hispanic women are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with cervical cancer than the general population and their median age at diagnosis is 48. In 1998, about 12,800 women were diagnosed in the US and about 4,800 died. Among cancers of the female reproductive tract, it is less common than endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. The rates of new cases in the United States was 7 per 100,000 women in 2004. Cervical cancer deaths decreased by approximately 74% in the
Cervical cancer is a typically slow-growing type of gynecologic carcinogenesis caused predominantly by persistent infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), most commonly the high-risk genotypes HPV-16 and HPV-18.3 Cervical cancer typically originates in the transformation zone of the cervix, where there is a junction of ectocervix and endocervix. The most common type of cervical carcinoma is squamous cell carcinoma and makes up 70-80% of cervical cancers. This type of cervical cancer occurs in the squamous cells of the ectocervix. The second most common type is an adenocarcinoma, occurring in glandular cells of the endocervix, and makes up 10-15% of cervical cancers. Cervical cancers can also be a mixture of dysplastic squamous cells and glandular cells; this type of carcinoma is termed adenosquamous carcinoma and makes up 1-2% of cervical cancers. The final type of cervical cancer is associated with HPV-6 rather than HPV-16 or HPV-18. It is termed verrucous squamous carcinoma and is very rare.5, 6
A supracervical hysterectomy is a surgery to remove the top part of the uterus while leaving the cervix in place. The surgery is sometimes done with another procedure to remove the fallopian tubes and ovaries (bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy). You will no longer have menstrual periods or be able to get pregnant after this surgery.
Diagnosis of a gynecological cancer can be very scary and disruptive for women and their families. Performing cancer surgeries through a minimally invasive approach helps in making cancer treatment as gentle and as least disruptive as possible .It also enables these patients to get back to their lives and routine activities more quickly without a significant interruption in their quality of life. Today, women affected by most gynecologic malignancies can benefit from minimally invasive surgical advances. Rather than operating through a large abdominal incision, 3 to 5 small incisions can be used for laparoscopy or robotic surgery. The main advantages of this scarless or minimally invasive technique
Cervical Cancer affects around 34000 women every year around the UK (Bupa UK, 2013). Cervical Cancer is a result of the mutation of the DNA caused by the by the Human papillomavirus (HPV), (NHS, 2013).
If cervical cancer is found treatment will be dependent on the type of cervical cancer and the stage of the cancer. There is a surgical treatment which is where the cancerous tissue is removed, such as by a hysterectomy, Chemotherapy to slow down or stop the growth of cancer cells. Lastly, there is radiation treatment to kill the cells and control the spreading of the cancer. These options can be used independently or altogether. There are constantly new treatments becoming available and sometimes a patient can be able to become part of this new treatment through clinical trials. The second test which can be done concurrently with the Pap test is the HPV test.
There are many different stages of cervical cancer. The first stage is Carcinoma in Situ (stage 0). In this stage abnormal cells are found in the lining of the cervix, and if not treated, it may spread into surrounding healthy tissue. Stage 1 is found in the cervix only, and divided into two different stages, 1A and 1B. 1A is also divided into 2 stages as well, 1A1 and 1A2, these are based on the size of the tumor. In stage 1 there is a small amount of cancerous cells from the cervix, but they are only able to be seen under a microscope. In stage 1A1 the cancer is no more than 3 millimeters deep and 7 millimeters wide. In stage 1A2 the cancer is between 3-5 millimeters deep and not more than 7 millimeters wide. Stage 1B is also divided into 2 stages, 1B1 and 1B2, also depending of the size of the tumor.
There are usually no symptoms or signs of CIN, and the diagnosis is most often based on biopsy findings following an abnormal routine cervical cytology smear. Because high-grade dysplasia probably is a transitional phase in the pathogenesis of many cervical cancers, early detection is extremely important. Based on the American Cancer Society guidelines, which were last revised in 2002, all women who have reached age 21 years, or who are 3 years past coitarche, should have a pelvic examination and collection of a cytologic smear. The cervical cytology smear should be performed annually in case of conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears, and biannually if using liquid-based cytology. Once a patient is age 30 years or older and has had 3 consecutive
The stage of a cervical cancer describes its size, depth of invasion, and how far it has spread. Depending on the type and stage of your cancer, you may need more than one type of treatment. For the earliest stages of cervical cancer, either surgery or radiation combined with chemo may be used. For later stages, radiation combined with chemo is usually the main treatment. Risk
As many as 1,400 women in Canada are diagnosed with cancer of the cervix each year. More than 400 die from it (Mah et al, 2011).
* Chemotherapy: Using special medicines or drugs to shrink or kill the cancer, Drugs include pills or IV. (Maybe both)
Methods: We analyzed primary cervical carcinomas, peri-tumor biopsies and lymph nodes in 20 women with invasive cancer (FIGO stage I-II) who underwent radical pelvic surgery and lymphonodectomy. HPV DNA was searched by broad spectrum PCR in 142 DNA samples extracted from paraffin embedded tissues. Viral genotypes were identified by direct sequencing analysis.