Inheritance Of Traits Of Fruit Flies

If your offspring genotypes include 2 GG and 2 Gg, the ratio would be: 2 GG : 2 gg (or 1:1 in the reduced form)

Drosophila melanogaster is an important model organism in biological research and has been prevalent for over one hundred years. Fruit flies are used by researchers because they having many qualities that make them favorable in research including their genetics, size, and reproductive capacity. The goal of the experiment is to test the different genetic mutations and sex linked crosses that each generation of the fruit fly can make. This lab sets up crosses of flies that reproduce in two-week span. The parents for the initial cross in the F1 generation are homozygous recessive white- eyed females and wild type red-eyed males (Shoup). After two weeks, the F1 generation phenotypic ratios change for the F2 offspring. We expect that the

During the process for this experiment, we came upon multiple complications that could have affected the results to this experiment. One of these errors were the incubator breaking right before our F2 generation could eclose and be scored. This affected our results because we had to get our F2 generation from a collective data from other groups, not our actual results. Another error that occurred was in our F1 generation. One male fly that had white eyes was observed while all others, both male and females flies, had brick red eyes. This really made an impact to our results because it did not match any of the requirements for the mode of inheritance. We also came upon other multiple phenotypes in the F2 generation that were not expressed in the parent nor F1

The figure below shows the result of multilocus analysis of offspring’s from a large family. Answer the following questions.

3. After a week, the flies that resulted from P – generation, F1, were FlyNapped and taken out by placing them on index cards. Paintbrushes were used to transfer them onto the index cards. They were sorted into the following categories – male Sepia, female Sepia, male Wildtype, female Wild Type – and counted, this was F1. Six Sepias (3 males, 3 females) and six Wildtypes (3 males, 3 females) were then added to two separate vials. The vials were placed on their sides to avoid any flies drowning. The flies remaining were disposed of properly (fly

Intro: In this laboratory experiment we cross bred fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) in order to identify which traits were passed onto their offspring. Since the 20th century the common fruit fly has been a useful and one of the best organisms for the study of genetics. Thomas Hunt Morgan was responsible for the work that demonstrated the huge advantages of fruit flies and led to them becoming a common model for scientific research and testing. Its relatively short generation time (~2 weeks) produces a high rate of reproduction and since they are small and easy to grow, they make for a cheap and simple experiment to do in the laboratory. They also only have four pairs of chromosomes which allow being able to detect which traits pass on to their offspring quite easy.

Drosophila melanogaster is a fruit fly. On average, they are about 3mm in length and prefer to live near spoiled fruit. They can be found on every continent of the world except for Antarctica. The Drosophila melanogaster egg us about .5mm long. It takes about one day after fertilization to develop and hatch into a worm-like larva. The larva eats and grown continuously, molting one day, two days, and four days after hatching. After two days as a third instar larva, it molts one more time to form an immobile pup. Over the next four days, the body is completely remodeled to give the adult winged form, which then hatches for the pupal case and is fertile within about only 12 hours. (ceolas.org)

If we take S to represent the straight winged insects and a dominant gene and c to represent the curved winged insects. Then you use a punnet square or a test cross. As long as you have the genotypes of the parents then you are good to go. If the alleles of the fly are Sc, then they are heterozygous if its SS then they are homozygous.

For the monohybrid cross, wild type and apterous were expected to give a 3:1 ratio. This is clearly presented in table 1 and 2. For the dihybrid cross, wild type wing and eyes and sepia and apterpous (mutants) were expected a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. The chi square value for the monohybrid was 3.843.

A gene is a trait that is passed down from one generation to another and gives an organism its characteristics. In this experiment, there are two different genes that affect whether a fruit fly, or Drosophila melanogaster, is winged or wingless. Most fruit flies have wings, this is the dominant trait. If an organism carries a dominant trait, that trait will always appear in the organism’s offspring. Compared to the number of winged flies, few fruit flies are wingless. Wingless is the recessive trait. If an organism carries a recessive trait and a dominant trait, the recessive trait will not show up in the organism’s physical appearance; however it will still be present in their genes (Mendelian Genetics, Biology). In this experiment, wingless

The fruit fly has an optimal life cycle which makes it convenient and efficient when studying its genetic information. A fruit fly incurs a life cycle that last approximately one and a half to two weeks. Its life cycle manifests in four phases respectively: egg, larva, pupal, and adult stage. Due to the short amount of time it takes a fruit fly to be reproduced and developed, a plethora of information can be learned in a very short period of time (Lewis 1998). Other benefits of using fruit flies are due to: low cost, production in large numbers, and easy production (Lewis 1998). In laboratory, a dihybrid cross was performed in order to determine the traits exhibited by the F2 generation.

Mendel shaped the way we currently define genetics and patterns of inheritance, with his study of pea plants and how traits were passed among them. Defining dominant traits, as the parental trait that was expressed, and recessive traits as the nondominant traits. This was furthered proved with Punnett squares,

The Drosophila melanogaster organism has been favored throughout decades as a model organism for its ability to be cultured in mass, has a short generation time, and, with a myriad of mutations to be mapped to the organism, organisms with certain mutations can be ready at hand to further study. The inception of the D. melanogaster research started in Columbia University at the hand of Thomas Hunt Morgan. Morgan’s different views in genetics led to questioning Mendel’s past research and finding faults in his inheritance patterns and ratios. Mutations in fruit flies were discovered in a small fraction of flies in 1907 by Frank Lutz who found some flies had extra venation and successfully bred them to all have extra venation over eight generations.

In the F2 the gender of the flies were irrelevant to figure out the genotype. This is all because of the father fly. The father in this cross was a homozygous recessive individual for both the genes on the X chromosome and so all his female offspring will either be heterozygous or homozygous recessive at each gene. The males on the other hand only receive their X chromosome from the mother (father provides their Y chromosome) so all the alleles for these

The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an extensively studied model organism. Its steadfast presence since the early 20th century, has led to significant findings and contributions in classical genetics, various areas of biological sciences, and biomedical research. This includes the discovery of the fundamental concept that chromosomes carry heritable traits (Pandey and Nichols, 2011). Its fully sequenced and annotated fly genome, homology similarity to the human genome, rapid life cycle, large number of progeny, easiness of culturing, and low maintenance expenses are the primary attributes that make it an excellent model organism convenient for study (Arias, 2008; Pandey and Nichols, 2011). Even more so, humans and D. melanogaster share