Inhibitory Hallucinations

Auditory hallucinations can contribute to a range of secondary psychopathologies including depression (e.g. Escher, Delespaul, Romme, Buiks, & Van Os, 2003). Interventions are primarily pharmacological (Lehman et al. 2004) however adverse side-effects and high rates of non-compliance have prompted the emergence of alternative treatments such as individual CBT. This has proven effective in the treatment of symptoms of schizophrenia (Wykes, Steel, Everitt, & Tarrier, 2008). Group CBT interventions has been developed to improve accessibility of treatment and has incorporated psychological models of auditory hallucinations and psychosis (Morrison, 1998) by including psychoeducation, coping strategy enhancement and cognitive-behavioural formulation as well as psychosocial techniques (Chadwick & Birchwood, 1996).

Schizophrenia is a severe, disabling and chronic disorder that affects people. Schizophrenia is diagnosed as a psychotic disorder. This is because a person suffering from schizophrenia cannot tell their own thoughts, perceptions, ideas, and imaginations from the reality. There is continuing debate and research as to whether schizophrenia is one condition or a combination of more than one syndrome that have related features. People suffering from schizophrenia may seem perfectly fine until the time they talk actually talk about they are thinking. People with schizophrenia rely on others for help since they cannot care for themselves of hold a job. There is no cure for schizophrenia, but there is treatment that relieves some of the symptoms. People having the disorder will cope with the symptoms all their lives. There have been cases of people suffering from schizophrenia leading meaningful and rewarding lives. There are five types of schizophrenia namely paranoid, disorganized, residual, undifferentiated, and catatonic schizophrenia. This paper will discuss paranoid schizophrenia.

The cognitive explanation acknowledges the role of biological factors in schizophrenia, suggesting that the basis of the condition is abnormal brain activity producing visual and auditory hallucinations. Further features of the disorder emerge as people try to make sense of the hallucinations.

Auditory hallucination is a fundamental presentation observed in patients suffering from schizophrenia. It is one of the frequently occurring symptoms considered to be disabling in schizophrenia, but despite vast and numerous organized studies undertaken in this area in order to comprehend the pathophysiology of auditory hallucination, little success has been realized, and it remains to be complex in research, understanding, and expressing the knowledge accrued (Kaprinis, 2008.) The auditory processing in schizophrenia seems to be different from that of normal individuals because patients inflicted with this mental illness complain of voices deep inside their heads. The voices are described as coming

Additional, inferences about the disorder are provided by Whitcomb and Merrell (2013). The authors characterize the symptoms of schizophrenia as delusions that are “typically bizarre and implausible” and pronounced hallucinations such as hearing voices for long periods of time (p. 363). Additional, impairments noted by the authors include “severe disturbances in perception, thought and affect, a severe decline in personal and social functioning, poor personal hygiene, inability to function effectively at school or work, and a severe impairment in social relationships” (Whitcomb and Merrell, 2013 p.363).

Schizophrenia is a disease that has plagued societies around the world for centuries, although it was not given its formal name until 1911. It is characterized by the presence of positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are so named because of the presence of altered behaviors, such as delusions, hallucinations (usually auditory), extreme emotions, excited motor activity, and incoherent thoughts and speech. (1,2) In contrast, negative symptoms are described as a lack of behaviors, such as emotion, speech, social interaction, and action. (1,2) These symptoms are by no means concrete. Not all schizophrenic patients will exhibit all or even a majority of these symptoms, and there is some

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized by a variety of symptoms and the disorganization of feeling and thought. It is an incurable disease whose causes are unknown, yet whose effects are mind and body crippling. (Young, 1988, p.13-14) This topic was chosen because it is interesting to study a disorder that worldwide, is viewed as a classic example of madness and insanity. Another reason of interest is because unlike many illnesses, schizophrenia doesn't have a noticeable pattern and its difficulty to be diagnosed as a disease makes the collection of statistics difficult. It is important to learn more about schizophrenia because a significant numbr of people are affected everyday

In this assignment, schizophrenia is going to be discussed and antipsychotics are going to be critically analysed, from the World Health Organization they have stated that “Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder affecting more than 21 million people worldwide” (WHO, 2016). Schizophrenia is characterized by changes in thinking, perception, emotions, language, sense of self and behaviour. The main things that people have occur with this mental health issue are Hallucinations where a person is hearing, seeing or feeling things that are not there in the first place. They also get Delusions that are fixed false beliefs or suspicions that are firmly believed even when there is evidence to suggest that they are not taking place, a person can also have abnormal Behaviour they can be seen to have a strange appearance, they can start to self-neglect, have incoherent speech, wandering aimlessly without a cause and sometimes be mumbling or laughing to self.

Cognitive theories were dominant for understanding and treating auditory hallucinations (Pilling et al., 2002). Some contemporary cognitive theories proposed that hallucinations are the result of misattributions of internal events to external sources (Garety et al., 2001; Bentall, 1990). Auditory hallucinations are internal verbal speech or thoughts that are perceived by the individual as occurring externally, according to those cognitive theories. Findings by Preston and Green (1981) support these misattribution theories by showing an association between auditory hallucinations and sub-vocalisation.

A hallucination is defined as a sensory perception in the absence of an externally generated stimulus (4). They are different from illusions in that in an illusion an external object actually exists and is perceived, but is misinterpreted by the individual (4). Main forms of hallucinations are be visual, auditory, and olfactory, but since we have been discussing vision and interpretation of reality lately this paper will focus only on those that are visual. And I will attempt through the examination of two different types of visual hallucinations - release hallucinations and those experienced by schizophrenics - to make an argument for brain equals behavior.

Schizophrenia is a universal mental illness which is both complex and devastating. Schizophrenia generally begins in the early stages of life and may lead to lifelong disabilities (Moritz, 2010). The context of this paper shall include an introduction on schizophrenia as well as the reasoning this discipline was chosen. It will include a critiqued research study that will explain how the research was presented. The primary focus on the research study will be a literature review, the methods used, the results found, and a presented discussion.

Schizophrenia is an incredible example of mental muddle which is exemplified by crumbling of thought processes and emotional receptiveness. It can be straightforwardly acknowledged by auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre illusions, dislocated speech or thinking aptitude pursued by social or occupational dysfunction. The warning signs initiate untimely in the adulthood. The disease is recognized to affect about 1% of the human population with about 2 million patients from the United States unaided.

In Telles-Correia et al. (2016) study, they analyzed about hallucinations and delusions experienced by the schizophrenic disorder and other psychotic disorders. Hallucinations are classified amongst the sensory modality: auditory, visual, tactile, est. They are known to occur in functional psychotic states and in sensory deprivation situations. Another symptom linked to psychotic disorders are delusions. Over years, Psychiatry have been studying the conceptual proximity between hallucinations and delusions. In this study, Telles-Correia et al. (2016) analyzed the dimensions of hallucinations and delusions in a sample of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.

According to the study, auditory hallucination is greatly associated with suicidal thoughts and behavior. It refers to the experience of hearing voices when there is no speaker and is frequently encountered in psychiatric illness, such as schizophrenia or mania (. In the class, we had the opportunity to experienced how it feels to have auditory hallucinations. We listened to the voices using our headset while answering the questions on the white board. That experienced was hilarious. I was not scared, but I was completely disturbed by the voices. I had a hard time concentrating. I can’t hardly understand the question and I had a hard time thinking for an answer. Even answering the simplest question was hard. I got only 1 question correct. I

After undergoing a hallucination, the experience can change the rest of a person’s life. Many different things including stress, drugs, obsession, lack of sleep, a rough childhood, devotion to God, etc. can cause hallucinations. Throughout history, many people have experienced hallucinations in reality and literature. Hallucinations can affect someone positively or negatively. During the Romantic era, many poets used opium believing that it produced creativity. Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge are results from his opium use and hallucinations. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth undergoes a hallucination that leads to his downfall. In the novel Don Quixote, Don Quixote experiences extreme hallucinations that resulted into insanity. The Spanish artist, Salvador Dali, experienced many hallucinations throughout his life that caused his artwork to be very unique and different. During the Medieval and Renaissance time periods, many people became extremely devoted to their faith. Some claimed that they had experienced a heavenly figure come down and look at them. After their mystic experiences, they became different people in a beneficial way. Experiencing hallucinations can cause enhanced creativity, paranoia, insanity, or a more devout faith.