Injury Mortality Theory

This assignment will present a reflective analysis of the examination, diagnosis, treatment and referral plan based on a simulated patient presenting with a minor injury. Potential diagnoses related to the mechanism of injury will discussed aligning the patient presentation with the literature to produce the most likely diagnosis. When this is established, a suggested treatment plan will be created in line with current guidance.

The purpose of this case study is to examine the specific case study of a 40 year old male who suffered a traumatic brain injury as the result of a fall from a roof. For future reference the term "Traumatic Brain Injury" will be abbreviated here as TBI and "Intracranial Pressure" as ICP. In this study we will explore the medical findings that are common in such an injury and how they relate to the Paramedic in the field. The specificity of this case will be broken down to define relevant terminology and findings that were present to the paramedics that responded to this call. Lastly, TBI's will be explored and discussed for their relevance in the field, contributing factors and comorbidities as they relate to paramedicine.

Injury is a serious public health issue. Injuries differ by their nature and severity. Injuries can be unintentional or intentional. Unintentional injuries include road traffic injuries, falls, burns, drowning, poisoning, and intentional injuries include self-inflicted injuries, interpersonal violence, and war-related injuries [1,2,3]. Globally, injury causes over five million deaths per year [1,2,3]. Injury cases result in more deaths than HIV-AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined (3.8 million) [1,3,4]. Nonfatal injuries represent a large proportion of the injury burden and deaths represent a small proportion [4]. Most injuries result in significant psychological trauma, potentially life-long disability, and subsequent financial loss [4].

The area of focus is that of inmates. It is a population that has not received a lot of scientific studying in past years but it is a population that has been steadily growing. This is also a population that seems to be the most at-risk for having such an injury. The subpopulation of inmate does not

Physiological responses: damaged tissue, eg primary damage response, healing response, the clotting mechanism; the importance of scar tissue control in the re-modelling process; specific to injury, eg sprain/ strain (signs and symptoms of first, second and third degree), haematomas (inter/intra)

When looking at injury, there are two particular groups who tend to be at a higher risk. One being people living in rural and remote areas and the other being people who are socioeconomically disadvantaged. A large proportion of injury cases come from people living in rural or remote areas. This may be because of the jobs that usually come with

The Chart below shows that during 2002-2007, there were 854 Major traumatic brain injuries compared to 887 from 1996-2001. This proved that my hypothesis was correct in saying

The participants for this research project were recruited from treatment facilities throughout Eastern Europe and the Baltic regions; initial data was collected from participants while they were still in the intensive care unit, and then every three months until one year following discharge from ICU. Each participant was analyzed for the severity of their TBI on the basis of a number of different factors, including whether or not they required surgery and the amount of time they spent in the hospital immediately following the incident (Madjan et al. 798). After gathering information on how the patients were progressing with recovery one year post-incident, the researchers compared the causes of the TBI to pinpoint similarities in recovery among all the different groups, and they also evaluated which particular means of trauma produced the most disability for the patients, both within and between groups. In the traffic- related incidents category, drivers appeared to sustain more serious injuries to the brain than passengers, pedestrians, or cyclists; in the falls category, falls from a height greater than three meters resulted in the most severe damage; and in the miscellaneous category, patients who had survived gunshot wounds generally acquired more extensive damage than other participants in the group (Madjan et al. 800). The next set of data illustrated which of these categories resulted in the

Axel and skeleton frame injuries are something that are very common in the world of sports. The National Football Ledge(NFL) has a foundation of physical impact and is very strenuous on the axel and skeletal frame. Thoracic disc herniations in the one of the most common injuries the NFL and it requires the greatest amount of time to recover which is 189 days. Thou the injury is very high in football nearly 15 percent of American suffer from Thoracic Disc Herniation. Degeneration the most common cause of Thoracic disc herniation “As a disc's annulus ages, it tends to crack and tear. These injuries are repaired with scar tissue. Over time the annulus weakens, and the nucleus may squeeze (herniate) through the damaged annulus. Spine degeneration

for the resident who sustain the injury and the Interprofessional team involved, to progress the injury

Tables 1 - 4 present methods of evaluation for 4 short-term service outcomes. The template is of benefit when planning monitoring and evaluation. It helps set out the indicators appropriately for each outcome and then work out the ways of gathering necessary

Results: From a population of 34 million enrolled in KPNC over the 15-year study period, we identified 989,333 patients who had 1,308,009 emergency department encounters or admissions to the hospital for trauma. Patients contributed a median of one trauma encounter (interquartile range

According to the Center for Disease Control and Injury Prevention, from ages three to thirty-four years, unintentional injury is the leading cause of death followed by suicide and homicide. The leading causes of death following an injury includes brain injury and hemorrhages. Unfortunately, deaths by hemorrhages usually are potentially preventable. On the battlefield,

According to Vickery (2001) however, the spinal board is considered to be the gold standard for spinal immobilisation during the pre-hospital phase of trauma management. For some patients, effective spinal immobilisation is beneficial and can also be vital in preventing the devastating effects of cord damage however it has been suggested that for many the excessive use of this preventative measure may not be prudent or necessary. It has been estimated that over 50% of trauma patients with no complaint of neck or back pain were transported with full spinal immobilisation (McHugh & Taylor 1998). Inappropriate spinal immobilisation may lead to patients experiencing unnecessary pain, skin ulceration, aspiration and respiratory compromise, which in turn may lead to further unnecessary procedures, a longer hospital stay which then incurs increasing costs to the National Health Service (Kwan, Bunn & Roberts, 2001). Shooman & Rushambuza (2009) report that immobilisation is a crucial part of the management of a trauma patient. They believe that if the mechanism of injury is uncertain, the patient should remain immobilised until further imaging even if there are no symptoms of spinal instability after log rolling. However, in a recent study by Pandie, Shepherd & Lamont (2010) they concluded that on its own, standard

* The effect of heteroskedasticity on the OLS estimator standard errors are that the results in adjusted robust standard errors cause the homoskedasticity results to be incorrect standard errors.