Installing A Realistic Wireless Sensor Network Setting

maximization of network lifetime [8]. This protocol is also divided into two phase: 1. Clustering and 2. Routing of aggregated data. In clustering phase, a fixed topological arrangement is done by sensor nodes. In the data aggregation phase, heuristic is proposed. The advantage is that it provides energy efficiency and network lifetime also be increased.

In this section, we present the details of proposed protocol. Our protocol implements the idea of probabilities for cluster heads selection based on initial energy and residual energy of sensor nodes as well as the average energy of the sensor network.

A group of wireless sensor nodes (devices) dynamically constructs a temporary network without the exercise of any pre-existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. The main goal of ad-hoc networking is multihop broadcasting in which packets are transferred from source node to destination node through the intermediate nodes (hops). The main function of multi hop WSN is to enable communication between two terminal devices through a bit of middle nodes, which are transferring information from one level to another level. On the foundation of network connectivity, it dynamically gets to determine that which nodes should get included in routing, each node involved in routing transmit the data to further

A WSN is a type of wireless networks that consists of collection sensor nodes which are tiny devices. Each sensor node of the network has different processing capability. It may contain multiple types of memory (program, data and flash memories), have a RF transceiver, have a power source (e.g., batteries and solar cells), and accommodate various sensors and actuators. The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad hoc fashion [13, 14]. Optimum need of each sensor node is to maximize its own utility function. Also the whole network requires resource assignments balance to perform in a useful and efficient way. This chapter presents a brief survey on WSNs showing its types, characterizing features, protocols and applications.

After electing CHs, every CH announces all sensor nodes in the network that it is the new CH. When each node receives the announcement, it chooses its desired cluster to join based on the signal strength of the announcement from the CHs to it. So, the sensor nodes inform their appropriate CH to join it. Afterwards, the CHs based on a TDMA approach assign the time slot to each node so that a member can send its data to its CH in this period. The sensor nodes can initiate sensing and transmitting data to the CHs during the steady state phase. The CHs also aggregate data received from the nodes in their cluster before sending these data to the BS via a single hop fashion. D. Hybrid Energy Efficient Distributed Clustering [HEED] Younis and Fahmy proposed an iterative clustering protocol, named HEED. HEED is different from LEACH in the way CHs are elected. Both, electing the CHs and joining to the clusters, are done based on the combination of two parameters. The primary parameter depends on the nodes residual energy. The alternative parameter is the intra cluster “communication cost”. Each node computes a communication cost depending on whether variable power levels, applied for intra cluster communication, are permissible or not. If the power level is fixed for all of the nodes, then the communication cost can be proportional to (i) node

An ad hoc network is the cooperative engagement of a collection of mobile nodes without the required intervention of any existing infrastructure or centralized access point. A wireless sensor network is spatially distributed autonomous sensors which is used to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location. Many ad hoc routing protocols and wireless sensor routing protocols are based on some variant of flooding. Despite various optimizations, many routing messages are propagated unnecessarily or some of the routing messages does not reach all the nodes in the network. To overcome such problems we are proposing an adaptive

Wireless sensor networks are often referred to as self-adaptable or self-organizing and self-mending or self-healing networks. The self-organizing property of the network facilitates for a node to join the network without any intervention automatically. The nodes in a network can reconstruct their link organizations and can form an alternative paths whenever a node in that link fails or gets damaged. The implementation of these two properties are very precise to the network topology and the network characteristics like scalability, cost, performance and various other issues are decided by the implementation capability of the properties. The sensor nodes in the wireless sensor networks does not require any engineering and are easily deployable. The sensor nodes often with multi hop connections are responsible for

Abstract: LEACH TDMA schedules of each cluster are built independently. This can lead to collisions among clusters if the same channel is allotted to more than one overlapping clusters at the same time. To reduce this type of interference, in LEACH each cluster communicates using different CDMA codes. Thus, when a node is elected as CH, it chooses randomly from a list of spreading codes and informs all the nodes in the cluster to transmit using this spreading code. Hence all clusters can have intra-cluster communication in parallel. However, in large WSNs, as number of clusters increases self-noise generated by these codes may cross threshold limit and reach capacity limit. This forces to look at multiple channel use for improved throughput and energy-efficiency. We present an energy-efficient multi-channel routing protocol (CFCA) for wireless sensor networks. By computing the size of each cluster and identifying non-overlapping clusters, the proposed method allows channel reuse within WSN. This algorithm optimizes number of channels required for the given WSN.

Hence, WSN technology has very broad application prospects, which can be used in military, industrial and agricultural control, urban management, biomedical, environmental testing, disaster relief and other fields. However, in many of these applications, the environment could be hostile and manual placement of sensor nodes might not be possible. In these situations, the nodes are expected to be deployed randomly or be sprinkled from airplanes and will remain unattended for weeks or months without any battery replenishment [4]. Therefore, energy conservation is a key issue in the design of systems based on WSNs. Due to the limited energy resource in each sensor node, we need to utilize the WSN in an

Abstract -- The efficiency of sensor networks depends on the coverage of the target area. Although, in general, a sufficient number of sensors are used to ensure a certain degree of redundancy in coverage, a good sensor deployment method is still necessary to balance the workload of sensors in target area. In a sensor network sensors can move around to self-deploy. The deployment deals with moving sensors from an initial unbalanced state to balanced state. Therefore, several optimization problems can be defined to minimize different parameters such as total moving distance, number of moves, communication cost. There is a unique problem called communication holes in sensor networks, areas not covered by any node.

Multiple autonomous, tiny, low-cost and low-power sensor nodes comprise a wireless sensors network (WSN). The sensors nodes are equipped with various types of sensors such as thermal , acoustic, chemical, pressure, weather and optical sensors which gather information from various nodes and collaborate to forward sensed data to base stations for further processing. WSNs designers have to address common issues related to data aggregation, data reliability,

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of large number of sensor nodes and at least one base station. The sensor node is an autonomous small device that consists of mainly four units that are sensing, information gathering, processing and communication. In wireless sensor network there of many issues that are much affects in communication, processing and in deployments. The main issue is its coverage and connectivity problem. Most of the times communications does not prohibited properly amongst sensors and base station due lacking of ranges problem. Full coverage and connectivity means that every location in the field is covered by at least one node and

T. Gui in 2016 [39] studied the mechanism of SMO in the field of WSNs in the paper “A Novel Cluster-based Routing Protocol Wireless Sensor Networks using Spider Monkey Optimization.” The study additionally showed the change in traditional routing protocols in term of low-energy consumption and system quality of the network. SMO-C protocol suggested in the paper worked for Wireless sensor networks to minimize global energy consumption.

There is a number of power reduction practices must be used both in the design of the circuits and in the design of network protocols approaches . The major step towards reduced power consumption is a sound electronic design [32],[34] selecting the efficient circuits and applying suitable design procedure to each case. Sometimes the most important causes of energy depletion in the WSN node is the idle mode consumption, when the node is not initiate any communication but listening and waiting for information from other nodes. Energy loss due to packet collision is also a major issue, causes all data packets involved in the transmission are discarded and must be retransmitted . Another cause of energy loss is the wrong routing leads to the reception of packets to non addressed node. Next major source of energy loss is the transmission and possible retransmission of control packets, as these can be seen as protocol overhead[26]

The figure shows the power consumption levels of the power-hungry blocks in a commercial sensor node. In data communication, no waiting time results to an energy-efficient communication. Energy-efficiency means less power consumption in a period. The decrease of power consumption means the decrease of power budget of the node. For reducing power using communication scheme, there are many protocols that will budget the power where no power is wasted while there is no communication. It implements duty-cycling of transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx). This method incorporates timing to the Tx and Rx which decreases the waiting time. This timing circuit posts implementation problems such as increase in power, delay, and the probability of error. An alternative technique is the asynchronous wake-up where there is another receiver module beside the transceiver which is a wake-up receiver (WuRx). The architecture of the receiver determines the simplicity in hardware and power consumption. This architecture will depend on the modulation scheme that will be used. The purpose of the wake-up receiver is to monitor the transmitter or data for initiation of data communication. The main transceiver is in sleep state except during an initiated communication, shifting to its active state. The WuRx should have low power average consumption than the duty-cycled communication schemes to prove its advantage. Its operation is also shown in Figure 1.2. The