Insulin Type 1

Because there is no cure, diabetes is controlled be diet, exercise, and medication. Type 2 diabetics can often control the disease process by diet and exercise alone. When the two prove not to be enough oral medication may also be used. Type 1 diabetics need insulin to control their blood glucose. Insulin is administered subcutaneously or into the tissues beneath the skin. Injection sites include the abdomen, thighs, buttocks, and the anterior and posterior parts of the upper arm. If not properly controlled, diabetes can lead to several long-term complications. Examples include retinopathy, neuropathy, and vascular complications.

The organ or organ system that this disease targets is the body’s blood circulatory system, as it has something to do with the amount of sugar that is in the body. There are a whole range of symptoms that come with the fact that your body has abnormally high sugar levels. One of the symptoms is that your urine will also have high levels of sugar. However, this is a mainly harmless symptom. Some of the more dangerous symptoms include, when not treated properly, blindness, heart disease, a higher chance of stroke, and vascular disease that often leads to even more serious effects. These effects include gangrene and because of that, lead to the need of amputation.

Insulin is a hormone made naturally in the body by the pancreas. This hormone controls the level of sugar in the blood. People who have type 1 diabetes need to have regular insulin injections. In type 1 diabetes, the body stops making insulin and the blood glucose level goes very high. Some people who have type 2 diabetes may also need to have insulin injections to help control blood sugar

What is type one diabetes? “With type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system attacks part of its own pancreas” (“What is Type one diabetes” 1). The body is unable to function properly, resulting in unhealthy levels of high or low blood sugar. This will lead to dramatic consequences, if not treated quickly and correctly. Scientists are still not sure what is causing diabetes nor do they know how to stop it. There is still a lot that is unknown about type one diabetes. Type one diabetes is a terrible disease that can be controlled with proper precautions but most importantly, insulin.

Type two diabetes is a crippling disease. After food is eaten the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin into the blood stream. The purpose of insulin is to keep blood sugar levels stable by causing the liver to store any glucose not needed by the body, as glycogen (S Preet, 2013). In a person with diabetes, not enough insulin is made resulting

Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood. The pancreas of an individual suffering from diabetes either does not produce insulin or only produces very little insulin. Before 1922 diabetes was a feared disease with no cure.

As the body is not able to produce insulin an external supply of insulin hormone must be prescribed. Insulin is commonly given via injection to control the high levels of glucose in the blood. High levels of blood are referred as to hyperglycemia.

Though there are many hypoglycemic agents available for the treatment of diabetes, insulin remains an important therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes. This is because the natural history of type2 diabetes is characterized by progressive loss of beta cell function resulting into type 1 phenotype [28]. Due to this, exogenous insulin therapy is often required to achieve optimal glycemic control, even in type 2 diabetes [29]. If insulin is used appropriately, it is almost always

Type 1 insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents but can sometimes be diagnosed in older age. It is defined as a chronic condition in which the pancreas does not produce insulin which is needed to allow glucose, known as the bodies source of fuel, to enter the cells. Type 1 diabetes does not have a cure but can be managed with proper treatment of insulin therapy. Type 2 non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is commonly caused by genetics, obesity, poor decisions in diet and exercise. It is defined as the bodies inability to break down glucose by resisting insulin and affecting the maintenance of regulating glucose levels in the body. Glucose does not move into the cells so it builds up in the bloodstream causing increased blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes does not have a cure either but can be controlled with proper diet, exercise and maintaining a healthy weight. If the previous interventions do not work then patient may need medications and insulin therapy.

Since endogenous and exogenous insulin work differently in vivo, exogenous insulin can disturb glucose homeostasis significantly from lack of

This particular type of insulin is often used in conjunction with other insulins, such as regular or rapid-acting (“Insulin” 55). As stated before, long-acting insulins are reserved for those who are affected by type 2 diabetes or they can be used with other quick-acting types of insulin (“Insulin” 55). One striking difference between long-acting insulins and other types is that long-acting insulins do not have a period of peak activity, but they do have a duration of approximately 14 to 24 hours, depending on which brand the insulin is (“Insulin” 52, 55-56). Most use varying types of insulin together; short-acting and rapid-acting insulins are popular choices for use before or after a meal to prevent a spike in blood glucose, whereas long-acting and intermediate-acting insulins are typically take before long periods of inactivity, such as sleeping (“Insulin” 56). In addition, there are several method to administering the insulin. The most popular method is by use of a syringe; the syringe is considered to be the best method due to the plethora of needle types to choose from(“Insulin”

The human body achieves homeostasis through the coordination of organs and different systems throughout the body. In particular, the endocrine system plays a functional role in regulating the body’s physiological activities via chemical substances, known as hormones. The endocrine cells secrete hormones in response to body signals in a negative feedback loop, which is a self-regulatory response intended to re-establish equilibrium. A disruption or mutation in the physiological process can result in overproduction or underproduction of hormones, which is the cause of most endocrine disorders, such as diabetes mellitus. This research paper will

Rapid-acting insulin— Three injected rapid-acting insulin analogs—insulin lispro, insulin aspart and insulin glulisine – are commercially available. The rapid-acting insulins permit more physiologic prandial insulin replacement because their rapid onset and ealrly peak action more closely mimic normal endogenous prandial insulin secretion than does regular insulin and they have the additional benefit of allowing insulin to be taken immediately before the meal without sacrificing glucose control.

Results appear to vary significantly depending on the method of investigation. Differences in the pre-analytical conditions under which insulin is stable seem to follow the use of different collection tubes, assays, temperatures and performance limits. One contradiction seen in the literature is that most studies show decreased stability of insulin at room temperature compared to 4°C, but a contradictory study showed insulin to be stable for the same duration of time at both these temperatures. With the use of different performance limits and room temperature values, such differences are expected. This makes it difficult to apply the results of studies previously conducted to the testing in our laboratory. A similar study of the stability of 81 analytes included insulin and utilised the same analyser, assay type and tube type for their investigation. The results of this study showed insulin to be stable for 72 hours in both whole blood and serum samples at 4°C. Samples (whole blood and serum) stored at 25°C were only stable for 6 hours. The difference in the value of room temperature used (25°C vs. 20.6°C) impair comparability these results to our study. The performance limits used where also

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by hyperglycaemia (elevated blood sugar level) affecting the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, resulting from the inability of the body to secrete and/or use insulin (American Diabetes Association (ADA), 2005; World Health Organisation (WHO), 2016). Patients with type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) requires insulin for survival as the cell-mediated destruction of the β-cells of the pancreas eventually lead to a lack of insulin secretion (ADA, 2005; WHO, 2016) . Conversely, type-2 Diabetes Mellitus patients have insulin resistance (ADA, 2005) wherein their bodies cannot use the little insulin that it produces (WHO, 2016).