Insurance for White Masculinity: Methods of Control to Ensure a Dominant Race

During the 19th and 20th century African Americans faced Discrimination in the United States. Three African Americans took roles of leadership and began trying to uplift the lives of blacks in society. Those who took control of this movement were Booker T. Washington, Marcus Garvey and W.E.B Dubois. These activists wanted the same result and implemented different techniques to follow their similar hopes for blacks in America. Each of these leaders has allowed America to develop in extensive ways for several years and those yet to come. Alternate pathways were taken by each leader to resolve the overall issue of racism. These issues include things such as not having the right to vote,own property and prevent lynchings. This paper will argue that had Garvey's theory of the new negro and Dubois’ ideas of education been implemented, racism in America would have been reduced because the allocation of education would allow for their to become a new negro. The application of Marcus Garvey's theory including thoughts of W.E.B Dubois’ on racism would have brought white power to an end.

The United States societal system during the 19th century was saturated with a legacy of discrimination based upon race. Cultivating a humanitarian approach, progressive intellectuals ushered in an era of societal reconstruction with the intention to establish primary equalities on the pervasive argument of human race. The experiment poised the United States for rebellion and lasting ramifications. The instantaneous repercussions for both races evolving from the emancipation of African-Americans were plainly stated by the daughter of a Georgia planter in the summer of 1865: "There are sad changes in store for both races" (Nash 469). The long-term

After the Civil War, the movement of women’s suffrage had a new inspiration, as they used African American suffrage as a stepping stone towards women’s suffrage. Organizations, such as the National Association Women’s Suffrage Association and Women’s Christian Temperance, had clear goals to reform the urban areas with women’s suffrage. As this empowering reform took place, women of the late 19th and early 20th centuries started to question their own roles within society. As women faced opposition and had diminished roles within society, the women of the late 19th century sought equality.

From 1803 through 1850 westward expansion was occuring in the U.S. bringing a variety of issues along with the expansion of the country. As a result of westward expansion, Native Americans were being forced to leave their homes that their ancestors had lived on for thousands of years along with tensions increasing between the abolitionist North and the pro-slavery South due to slavery as well. Although many people were against slavery, white Americans still saw themselves as superior to other minorities including Native Americans and African Americans. During Westward Expansion from 1803-1850 “all men created equal” didn’t include anyone other than wealthy white men due to, Native Americans being removed and forced off their ancestral lands, and African Americans inferiorly viewed as property of white men because of their ethnicity.

The place of women changed drastically during the nineteenth century. Many factors such as the market revolution and the second great awakening impacted the way they were in the family, at work, and society. The role of women changed in a way that they were treated differently not just by society but in the house as well. They were beginning to be noticed and they fought to be independent from men, which took a long time to achieve, but they did it. Women believed they were just as able as men to work and be able to vote which is also one of the big differences during this time.

Nineteenth century America was a nation wracked by hypocrisy. While asserting notions of equality and liberty for all, the young land coveted these values for its white majority. African Americans, held in bondage for economic exploitation, were robbed of the principles of democracy and freedom so championed by the United States. This dissonance in American rhetoric was omnipresent, for slavery was a constant and fundamental aspect of life in both the North and South for decades. This duplicity of American equality was not lost on all whites, and a growing sect of reformers arose to combat the wrongs of African enslavement. These

The 19th century was the start of the American industrial revolution that transitioned the rural nation to one that was more urbanized with the rise of big businesses. Factory owners were now able to hire less skilled workers due to methods such as taylorism in factory production. That shift triggered the need to to hire more unskilled laborers like women and children, will to work for low wages. Like many of the citizens of the lower class, the women working in these factories weren’t benefiting from the economic boom that was provided by the industrial revolution but the ability for them to be able to contribute to the income need for their family to survive empowered them with the feelings of independence and economic power. Following years

In the nineteenth century, middle class white men had the most sexual, financial, and political freedom. The role that men played in society grew during the industrial period, as white families in the middle class no longer needed to rely solely on farms to make money; they had other options for work, with factories beginning to appear all over. White men could also travel to the frontier communities or join a political career. They were also the only ones able to vote at the time. The role of women in middle class families also grew as there was a greater need to control sexuality. In the early nineteenth century, however, sex was seen as impure and a waste of energy. Women were put on a pedestal of purity and were told that the woman

The way European women were treated in the nineteenth century is very different than the way women are treated in the twentieth century today. Women in the nineteenth century were thought more of as objects or something to look at instead of people. Men were always superior to women. It is not the same in the United States during twentieth century as it was in Europe during the nineteenth century. Race and sexuality plays a huge role in the superiority of genders. By the end of the nineteenth century there were multiple challenges toward sending gender norms.

As the century immediately following the American Revolution, the 19th century experienced a rise in feminism as it harbored the first feminist movement in America. Although some women chose to embrace their “roots” by retaining their domestic sphere of influence, many women began to show discontent with the limited number of rights women held. Soon enough, the fight for women’s rights resulted in women gaining more prominence in society.

The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment shows that women are becoming more respected and have more influence in society. These Settlement houses and fight towards prohibition were some of the first sparks of the expansion of women’s influence throughout America, they were no longer in the constraints of their homes, but began to make a difference in the world.

In order to fully understand a more in depth evaluation of both why and how men conform to this social phenomenon, one must know how hegemonic masculinity is defined. This term was made popular by Connell’s work Gender and Power which critiqued the male social role and how hegemonic masculinity has developed (Connell 830). Scholars agree that hegemonic masculinity is characterized by “being emotionally detached and

Masculinity is described as possession of attributes considered typical of a man. Hegemonic masculinity is a form of masculine character with cultural idealism and emphasis that connects masculinity to competitiveness, toughness, and women subordination. Masculinity hegemonic is the enforcement of male dominion over a society. Masculine ideology dates back to the time of agrarian and the industrial revolution in Europe when survival compelled men to leave their homesteads to work in industries to earn a living for their families while women remained at home to take care of family affairs (Good and Sherrod 210). Women did not work in industries then because industrial labor was considered too physical beyond their capacity. This led to

In the 1800’s a women was suppose to have four things Piety, Purity, submissiveness, and domesticity. These principles shaped the “Cult of True Womanhood” an idea that women were to be seen but not heard. Women had no say when it came to politics, they couldn’t own property, they were not allowed to do many jobs, and they couldn’t even speak in front of men. They had the duty to be a mother and raise their children but even thought they had this responsibility it was the husband who had the complete control and guardianship of the children. Because of these ideas it was very difficult for change to happen. When women started to receive more education they began to ask questions about why they were being denied these rights, which began the

Between the late 1700’s and the early 1900’s many American women struggled to obtain the same rights as men. The society of women as a whole had pushed for equality constantly throughout the years. Women especially obtained more equality by publicizing their reasoning and demands for equality. This, is first and foremost proven by the way women had advocated greatly for improved academics for women. Women used another good tactical approach to achieve equality by speaking out strongly against inequalities between the genders.A third example of a great leap for equality, would be the religious movement, the upsurge in religious enthusiasm allowed women to demonstrate their piety and even to found new sects; and this in turn led to change in the way the world viewed women.