Integrated Pathology Case Study On Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular diseases has affected large number of population worldwide and in developed countries it is responsible for half of all deaths, coronary artery disease (CAD) alone is responsible for 1 of every 4.7 deaths in the United States (Eichner et al., 2002).

According to the American Heart Association, cardiovascular disease or heart disease is one of the leading causes of death in America. Cardiovascular disease refers to a disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. It is also known as heart disease. The term cardiovascular disease covers many conditions and is extremely dangerous. Atherosclerosis is one of the major conditions that falls under the cardiovascular disease category. Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when plaque, made from various substances that circulate in your blood, builds up on the walls of the arteries. The buildup narrows the arteries and makes it difficult for blood to flow through. The major risks of atherosclerosis are heart attack or stroke (American Heart Association, n.d.).

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) it is also know as Coronary Artery Disease. It happens when the blood vessels delivering to the heart develop blockage or are narrowed by plaque, which reduces the flow of the blood, oxygen and nutrients supplied to the heart. If this happens the person starts to feel chest pain (also known as angina pectoris) and then it lead to the person to have a heart attack. It is known to be the main factor to cause cardiac arrest and it can be fatal unless the heart is restarted in minutes.

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as heart disease, is defined as the “narrowing or blockage of the arteries and vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart” (Milto, Odle, p.1). The main cause of CAD is an accumulation of fatty materials on the lining of arteries. Once the fatty materials line the inner arteries, it restricts blood flow to the heart. When blood is can no longer long flow to the heart, it causes a heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in both women and men in the United States. The American Heart Association states that since 1990 deaths caused by the coronary artery disease have decreased, however, “more than 40,000 people still died from this disease in 2000” and about 13

Cardiovascular disease better known as heart disease is a condition that most have heard of and have been affected by in some way. Although the majority of people have heard the name of this condition, many still don't know what it means to be diagnosed with heart disease or even how to avoid it. Cardiovascular disease is a broad name for many different types of this condition, specifics include cardiac arrest, arrhythmia, stroke, peripheral artery disease and even more, all of these conditions are caused by heart complications or heart disease. An upwards of sixteen million people suffer from heart disease today and there are more than three million cases of coronary artery disease (the most common form of heart disease in the U.S) each year

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a type of cardiovascular disease that may be referred to by several other names such as: coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, or simply heart disease, and is a pathological condition where plaque (a waxy substance) has accumulated over time in the coronary arteries and has built up to the point where it reduces oxygenated blood flow to the heart (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2016).

"Heart disease is a broad term used to describe a range of diseases that affect your heart. The various diseases that fall under the umbrella of heart disease include diseases of [ 因 blood vessels, such as coronary artery disease; heart rhythm problems (arrhythmias); heart infections; and heart defects [one is] born with (congenital heart defects)."

Presently, the treatment strategies used are risk factor modification, conventional pharmacology and surgical revascularization. These strategies have hitherto not been of enormous solution as the disease progression still result in recurrent symptoms. This has now led to the exploitation of advances in comprehending the vascular biology of atherogenesis to introduce novel cell and molecular-based therapies. The application of immunomodulation, lipid-lowering agents like statins, gene transfer, antisense technology and so on has resulted in new therapeutic strategies to interrupt cell proliferation and disorder of the vessel wall. In this essay, immunomudulation and lipid-lowering agent shall be discussed.

Coronary artery disease (CAD; also more simply referred to as coronary heart disease) is a specific type of atherosclerosis, which is in turn a form of arteriosclerosis (Dulson, Fraser, LeDrew, & Vavitas, 2011). All of these medical conditions entail the same problem, which hinders proper blood flow of oxygenated blood in the arteries: the sclerosis (that is, hardening) of arteries in the circulatory system (Sclerosis [medicine], 2016). Arteriosclerosis is a general term used to describe the stiffening of arteries particularly resulting from the process of mere ageing, but may also occur due to the presence of other aspects such as hypertension and/or the accumulation of plaque in and/or on the arterial walls, which consists of numerous components including lipids (cholesterol in particular), calcium, and other substances present within the bloodstream; atherosclerosis is specifically associated with plaque buildup in the arteries (if it occurs in one of the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the myocardial tissue itself, it is further classified as CAD) (Difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis, 2014; Dulson et al., 2011). CAD is a common, serious condition that may be fatal; hence, it is imperative that one understands the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease in order to help decrease its prevalence. This report is concerned with explaining the physiological effects of CAD on the body, latter-day

The cardiovascular system is the network of blood vessels with the major role in transportation of oxygen and nutrition to the tissues and the waste products from organs and tissues. The diseases of the cardiovascular system, either acquired or congenital, may result in ischemia or undersupply of major organs, which would be a threat to the overall health of an individual. Events caused by cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite improvements in the treatment and the preventive strategies of cardiovascular diseases, the social and economic burdens due to these diseases continue to grow. Further efforts, therefore,

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity and is accounted for almost 1 out of 5 deaths in the world. Atherosclerosis is a chronic heart disease that causes most of the vascular deaths. The fat deposition in arterial walls progressively develop into atheroma leading to restriction in blood circulation thus increasing risk of local thrombosis. Local thrombosis often forms the base that leads to partial or total obstruction of the artery. At the time of birth, the probability of a cardiovascular disease is 47%. The impact of Atherosclerosis on morbidity and mortality and its economic implications created a necessity for new treatments and prevention strategies. It

Thrombosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is also associated with the three major cardiovascular diseases: ischemic heart disease, stroke, and venous thromboembolism (VTE). In 2010, GBD documented 52.8 million deaths worldly, 12.9 million deaths were caused by ischemic heart disease and stroke collectively [56]. Thrombosis is the accumulation of blood clot in blood vessels and can be arterial or venous thrombosis. Arterial thrombosis is a thrombotic event in the artery wall and the primary trigger for such event is the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque which formed because the accumulation of lipid deposits and lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells). On the other hand, venous thrombosis is the thrombotic event

As previously mentioned, cardiovascular disease has developed to become the major cause of deaths across the world. A cohort study and evidence-based management study was developed to identify the major causes of the disease, analyze key steps, including current medications used to address the disease, and identify ways for mitigating is proliferation. The study was based

Despite advancements in prevention, diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular disease (CVD) still remains the leading cause of death in industrialized countries and creates an immense economic burden (Mendis et al., 2011). Of all CVD deaths, coronary heart disease (CHD) and stoke account for more than 80% of deaths (Mendis et al., 2011) with atherosclerosis as a key mechanism of disease (Libby, 2006). There are many known risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis such as age, gender, smoking, unhealthy diet, obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Many of such risk factors have a modifiable component and if corrected early can significantly reduce the risk of CVD progression and cardiac death (Bridget et al., 2010; Finks et al., 2012; Yusuf et al., 2004). Furthermore, it has been estimated that 90% of CVD can be prevented by early lifestyle interventions (McGill et al., 2008) highlighting the importance of early detection and appropriate lifestyle changes.

Atherosclerosis is a major form of cardiovascular disease which occurs through a processed known as arteriosclerosis in which the arteries become clogged with plaque buildup overtime. Formation of this plaque is due to the damage of endothelial cells (inner cells) that line the walls of arteries. Damage of these cells is triggered by unhealthy practices or other conditions such as smoking, lack of exercise, hypertension, diabetes or high cholesterol levels. As a result harmful material such as fat, cholesterol, palettes and other material deposit themselves into the damaged artery wall. These materials accumulate and form plaque which becomes covered with various cells that try to repair the damaged wall. These cells encapsulate the plaque