Intelligence And Failure Of The Operation Market Garden

The historical battle of Harpers Ferry was a pivotal point during the Civil War. While the battle was a clear victory on the Confederate front, Union forces could have changed the outcome with little efforts. This paper analyzes the battle with the intent of identifying how the application, utilization, or availability of intelligence assets could have resulted in an alternate outcome. With the proper use of All Source Intelligence analysis on the Union front, the Battle of Harpers Ferry would have played out completely different. While the results of this battle may not have changed the outcome of the Civil War, it would have affected the timeline of follow-on battles. The structure of this paper is simple, we cover the basics of the battle and follow up with relevant facts on how proper use of terrain analysis and troop capabilities affects the outcome of the battle.

The battle of Lexington and Concord was possibly the most important battle in American History. It was in this battle where third and fourth generation Americans decided to take a stand against the stifling presence of the King of Britain’s troops. This is also where a powerful but vulnerable nation decided to take steps to quell a largely underestimated revolutionary force. The British were much better equipped and had more experienced soldiers and officers. The Americans had will, guerrilla warfare, and a much better understanding of the battle terrain. Despite this, the British should have easily won the battle. This paper will show that if the British would have exercised a little patience, established good OPSEC procedures, and developed proper counterintelligence

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Battle of Yorktown and identify key intelligence events that if they had not occurred, would have changed the outcome of the battle. If General George Washington did not utilize misinformation and Counter Intelligence in this battle the British would have not surrendered as they were the superior fighting force and would have continue to

The Battle at Midway was a critical turning point of the war in the Pacific during World War II. Attribution to American success is in direct relation to their ability to conduct signal collection and crypto-analysis leading to the battle. The elimination of this capability from consideration during the preparation for this battle will drastically influence the outcome. Through critical reasoning and battle analysis, this paper will determine the level of effect of the capability. The analysis will also seek to understand the change in outcome as a result of this change to history. The product of this analysis will be a thorough understanding of the importance of intelligence capability to United States success during World War II.

The 1776 united States of America Declaration of Independence contain the words that succinctly describe our national objective, strategy, and message, “We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” In today’s United States of America, the world acknowledges American’s as the preeminent owner of individual freedoms, holding and promoting these three basic principles for some 240 years. During these years, the U.S. has employed the use of intelligence to shape its objectives and strategies, and then in times of war used the same intelligence to shape strategic messages against foreign powers. However, as hostilities decline and give way to the restoration of relative peace, the use of intelligence for strategic messages against foreign powers ceases. Under these circumstances, the void created by secession of U.S. messages, provides a communication opportunity to foreign powers for transmission of anti-U.S. messages. Attempts have been made to reinstate the offices that during war countered these anti-U.S. messages to a comprehensive reorganization of the U.S Government intelligence community. This paper does not support creation of a new agency or department to utilize existing strategic intelligence.

Intelligence gathering and collection in the United States has significantly increased over time. This paper examines how intelligence reporting and pre-mission planning was crucial to the success of the United Nations involvement at The Battle of Inchon during the Korean War. By examining how intelligence played a role in this battle, you will be able to understand why it is important to gather and collect intelligence prior to every mission executed. Intelligence collection should be the baseline for all military operations. Inchon Landing has an ample amount of actionable intelligence; collected and disseminated appropriately we will discuss how it played a role in a low probability mission accomplishment to the last great amphibious assault in history. This paper provides detailed explanations on why The Battle of Inchon was a success and what could have been the outcome had it gone the other way.

The development of the allied military strategy in World War II (WWII) presented challenges for the U.S. and Great Britain as they worked together to defeat the Axis powers. First, this paper will review the environment at the time of WWII when Admiral Stark penned the “Plan Dog” memorandum and MAJ Wedemeyer’s War Defense Team put together the “Victory Plan”. Next, it will look at the advantages and disadvantages of coalition operations with supporting examples. Then, a review of two major meetings between U.S. and Great Britain will identify what strategic decisions were made and the effects they have on the war. Finally, this paper will explore the foundations of strategy (Clausewitz and Sun Tzu) by which the allied forces used and

Meanwhile in the United States, Eisenhower was commanding a infantry at Fort St.Lewis. In 1941 Eisenhower returned to where he had started, Fort Sam Houston, but this time he was now the Chief of Staff of the Third Army. Later that year on December 7, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and a few days later the United States declared war on Japan, joining the Allied Powers. Eisenhower was called into the War Department in Washington D.C to help come up with tactics for the war. Although he came up with some good ideas Eisenhower still desired going out into the fields and fighting, since he had not been given the opportunity in World War II. In 1942, he was appointed to general major, and later Commander-in-Chief if the Allied Powers where he would be the head of Operation Torch. Eisenhower was successfully able to lead the invasion of North Africa in late 1942. However his lack of field experience did show early on when he suffered a significant defeat, but with his leadership he helped the Allies defeat North Africa overall. He then proceeded to invade Sicily and the shores of Italy. This caused Italy, a Axis power to surrender. In December of 1943, he was made supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force. On June 6, 1944 Dwight Eisenhower led one of the most famous invasion and a battle that turned the tide of World War II to the Allied Powers favor, the invasion would be known as D-Day. Under Eisenhower’s command, more than 150,000 Allied troops stormed onto the beaches of Normandy and helped recapture Paris. World War II would end in 1945 and Dwight would return to America as a

Following the outbreak of World War II, Eisenhower was awarded his first general’s star and a year later the appointment of major general, then commanding general. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor he was summoned to the War Department by General George C. Marshall to lead the War Plans and Operations Divisions. He went on to head Operation Torch, the allied invasion of North Africa, and Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. In December 1943, he was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces and he began to plan for the invasion of German-occupied Europe. On June 6, 1944, he commanded of the invasion of Normandy and led the largest allied force in history. Then, less than a year later, on May 7, he accepted Germany’s unconditional surrender in Reims, France, bringing an end to the war in Europe.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill both agreed that helping the Italians in exchange for surrender was the best option. Eisenhower however, did not agree with this. The Germans had an aggressive army outnumbering the Allies Powers 2 to 1. But in the end, the invasion of Italy was successful. In 1943, president Franklin D. Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower would be the Supreme Allied Commander, not Marshall. during this time he was in charge of planning and organizing the attack on the coast of Normandy which was later referred to “Operation Overlord.” Eisenhower had improved on his organizing and planning by previous operations in which he encountered. Now Eisenhower was extra careful on his planning. Although after continuous arguments with president Franklin D. Roosevelt on using the French resistance as a decoy to delay the ongoing Germans, and getting help from the British in the air, Eisenhower plan was now in motion. On June 6, 1944 also known as D-Day, was the commencing of Eisenhower’s Operation Overlord. Though there were mass casualties, they started the invasion of southern France. Everyone- including Eisenhower thought that the war would’ve

The United States (U.S) Intelligence community has come a long way since the revolutionary war. After winning independence from England, the U.S would not invest much into intelligence or foreign policy until the 20th century. Foreign policy was simply not a priority for our young nation, having an ocean on eastern and Western boarders of the country severely limited potential threats. President Franklin D. Roosevelt would be the first president since Washington to understand the importance of intelligence and lay the groundwork for what we now consider national intelligence. Unfortunately, it has taken two catastrophic failures in intelligence for the U.S to realize the need for good intelligence and take steps to improve itself. The

Nazi’s had occupied France at the time and had taken control. France was part of the allied forces and was under attack by the Nazi’s. As part of the Allied Powers America, Canada, and Great Britain came to the rescue. Dwight Eisenhower was the leader behind this invasion. In December 1943, Eisenhower was put in charge of Operation Overlord – the long waited for attack on mainland Europe. Such an attack would require detailed and meticulous planning which is why Eisenhower was picked to lead this plan by the combined chief of staffs. In excerpts from General Eisenhower’s document the Order of The Day which he gave to the soldiers on D-Day he states In company with our brave Allies and brothers in arms on other fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world. / But this is the year 1944!/The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to victory! I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full victory!(Eisenhower 1944). General Eisenhower explains that the allies should come together, and they will bring forth destruction upon the Germans. He also states that in the document they will force the Nazi’s out of Europe and France will be freed. Eisenhower

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, General George C. Marshall called him to Washington for a war plans assignment. Eisenhower impressed both the general as well as The President (Theodore Roosevelt) with his well thought out plan to focus on weakening Germany before assaulting the Japanese. Because of this, he was placed in command of the Allied Forces landing in North Africa in November 1942. On D-Day, 1944, he was Supreme Commander of the troops invading France. After heading many decisive victories for the U.S., Eisenhower accepted Germany’s surrender on May 7, 1945. He returned home a national hero.

World War II was a war of many victories and losses. A battle for constant control of territories, that was ushered by greed and corruption. With this comes the persistent need to find an advantage over the enemy, and during this time Germany became the front runner in innovations and technology. This intelligence showed by the Germans had the allied forces in a scramble to help propel them on top of the battle again. In hopes of success, through desperation the United States had managed to put together a top-secret task force. However this was not the typical task force that the United States was know to specialize in, until the early 1940 's. This task force was hand selected to specialize in tricking the German forces, specifically in the art of Deception. Through the use of these technologies given to them, these brave soldiers used their skills in sonic, radio, and visual deception, to help lead the allied forces to victory. Later called the Ghost Army of the War, these American 's were essential in deceiving the German forces.

Patton and Montgomery were nearly uncontrollable and self-aggrandizing. But both were brilliant in the field. Eisenhower had to find a way to win their cooperation in spite of the fact that neither would be allowed to run the overall operation as they wanted. Patton was given an almost insulting yet critical role of being the diversion that kept Hitler’s eyes off the western beaches. (Later, he would be given control of US ground troops, a role he coveted almost as much as Montgomery’s role.) Montgomery’s constant, vocal advocation of a “spear-thrust” through France to Berlin had to be sidelined in order to prevent the Allies from making the same mistake in Europe that Hitler was making in Russia, i.e. extending the troops too far away from their support troops and supply lines. Managing these egos was a monumental task, and there weren’t many who could manage it as adeptly as Eisenhower did.