Inter Ethnic Conflict And Ethnic Conflicts

Intrastate conflict has historically been savage and chaotic; nowhere have these descriptors been more fitting than within African civil wars. A legacy of colonialism, ineffective governance, and regional conflict scars the continent, resulting in regular political instability within its territories. The Nigerian civil war of the late 1960s cost the lives of an estimated three-million people- the majority of whom were civilians who succumbed to starvation (NWE 2015). This conflict has traditionally been understood to have been caused by ethnic tensions within the state, and justifiably so (Falola 1999, 125). The ethnic cleansing of the Igbo that occurred throughout September and October of 1966 in northern Nigeria undoubtedly played a

In A Separate Peace, the author chooses to use conflicts to show the growth of a character. As a conflict happens there is some sort of growth which the character gains as a result. In fact, there are many conflicts throughout the story that shape the characters in unique ways including Genes jealousy of his best friend, Finny doing dangerous things, and Gene trying to live through Finny. Some conflicts result in good ways some result in bad and it changes the way the character is. The book is a good example of what it is like when a conflict happens in real life, by showing growth of a character after a conflict. The decisions made by the characters will either change them in positive or negative ways; that is an important message that the book tells quite well.

A Separate Peace, a coming-of-age novel by John Knowles, demonstrates the consequences of conflict in personal relationships, as well as within oneself. In the novel, Gene Forrester, the protagonist, battles with internal conflict involving his identity and emotions towards his best friend, Phineas, also known as Finny. Gene develops envy towards his best friend and believes in an enmity between them that does not exist, which leads to external conflict between Gene and Finny. Gene, throughout the novel, creates the most conflict that separates him from Finny, ultimately leading to Finny’s demise. Examples of these conflicts, both real and imaginary, have been provided by Gene’s thoughts as the narrator. One of the first signs of internal conflict involving Finny can be recognized when Finny calls Gene his best friend, to which Gene does not respond. As Gene states, “Perhaps I was stopped by that level of feeling deeper than thought, which contains the truth”(Knowles 48). The internal conflict has already begun, onsetting many more conflicts to come. This quote means that Gene does not consider Finny his best friend due to Gene’s latent jealousy towards Finny’s charm and wit. An example of external conflict as a result of Gene’s internal conflict can be derived from the scene where Gene realizes that Finny had no ill will towards him and that all enmity between them had been a figure of Gene’s imagination. Gene had thought Finny was making an effort to distract him from his

Ethnic conflict is the dominant security issue of our time, 75 percent of all new conflicts are ethnic. Since 1989, ethnic conflict has killed at least 3.5 million and displaced 26 million people. Almost all ethnic conflicts, especially in the 21st century, occur in post-colonial settings. Colonialism is why we have ethnic conflicts, especially in Africa. There are many factors contributing to post-colonial ethnic conflict, however some have more influence over the others. I argue that during colonialism, the intraethnic and interethnic divisions that led to the creation of different types of ethnic groups, and unequal treatment by colonial rule led to ethnic conflict in post-colonial settings.

Since 2003, the black African farmers of western Sudan's Darfur region have been victims of genocide. The genociders are Sudan's Arab-dominated government and nomadic Arab militia groups known as the Janjaweed. Darfur’s residents have suffered from discrimination, lack of resources, education, health services, etc. There is a large gap between the resources that the government has invested in Darfur and those invested in riverine Sudan. A fact that clearly illustrates the lack of safety towards the Muslims in the Darfur region is, “Thousands of villages were destroyed, pillaged, burned to the ground, and residents dislocated and killed amongst the violence. Only the villages of African tribes were bombed and attacked; nearby Arab villages were left unharmed, “ (Combat Genocide 1). This quote emphasizes the fact that because of the violence occurring, residents are getting killed or being force to be “dislocated.” In 2009 the United Nations estimated that there were 2.7 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Darfur and approximately 270,000 refugees in eastern Chad (Combat Genocide 1). The battles between the rebel groups and the Janjaweed spread into Chad, which led to tensions between Chad and Sudan. Chad had huge problems with dealing with the huge number of refugees (Combat Genocide 1). In the refugee camps, the Janjaweed captured, attacked and raped women when they go outside refugee camps to collect firewood. Many refugees who fled their homes continued to flee from repeat attacks by the Janjaweed throughout Darfur. The genocide of the Darfur people have clearly taken a toll on the persecuted people, creating a life of violence for

“We must cut the tall trees, we must cut the tall trees now,” yells an actor in the movie Hotel Rowanda portraying a Hutu extremist. This is a wonderful example of how prejudice leads to full out war in African countries. Moreover, some citizens take it upon themselves to fix something they deem unfit. As portrayed by Nadine in her book the ultimate safari when she writes “our government calls them bandits.” This shows how people attack homes just because they think something is wrong there. What these people don't realize is that if they kill everyone they will not have anyone to rule after the civil war that is sure to ensue. Civil War can lead to other countries seeing a surge in citizens fleeing to their land, in other words the refugees seeking

The entire war on terror in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, and across the world is between secular governments and fundamentalist Islamic rebels.

The ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan has been the subject of speculation and study by political scientists and historians for a number of years. The ethnic conflict seems to have been sparked at the very beginning in 1947, when the British used Muslim and Hindu mercenaries against each other before the area finally split into today’s countries of India and Pakistan (Spiegel et al. 2015, 185). The timeline since then has been full of conflicts, both major and minor. Brutal tactics used by security forces and a high rate of unemployment have added to the issue (BBC News 2016).

The Eastern Congo is considered a weak state because of the corruption, poverty and war. The Eastern Congo has a large amount of natural resources which should be an asset to the country, but war and rebel groups are feuding over these resources. The corruption and feud over these resources weakens that state. The Eastern Congo has a large amount of farmland that is not utilized and could be used to feed most of Africa, but conflict and control deter the people from utilizing the farmland[1]. The argument over these resources is ultimately affecting the civilians. Many of these disputes have existed for decades. I was astonished to hear that there have been 5.4 million deaths since 1994 in Eastern Congo, most of which are civilians and less

Conflict between and within nations is proven by history to be expected, but the answer to which countries are at a higher risk for conflict depends on whom you are asking. The reading “Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War” by James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, argues that the conditions that favour insurgency are better predictors of which countries are at risk for internal conflict. Determining which countries are at a higher risk depends on multiple logical factors for the perfect environment for rebellion to occur. These factors are based on the political, economic, and organization of the state in question. Fearon and Laitin dissect the formula for rebellion piece by piece over the course of the entire article. By the end it left me in

Over the last 13 years, since the attacks against the Pentagon and the World Trade Center on September 11th, 2001 the world has been exposed to the global threat of extremist ideologies. Service men and women have had a firsthand view of the breeding grounds and environments such ideologies are harbored and developed. With the drawdown of the war in Afghanistan, the global war on terrorism will not end. Instead the focus will shift to other dangerous parts of the world where extremists have already become established; places like Somalia in the Horn of Africa. The weak government in Somalia has fostered an environment conducive to the development of extremist ideologies. This is evident

The ethnicization of politics began when European colonial powers transformed race and tribe into a static entity for the colonial legal project (Mamdani, 2002). Much like the Bantustans completely ethnicized society in apartheid-era South Africa (Handley, 2015), ethnicity became important for the colonial “divide and conquer” strategy throughout the continent. Administrating a large African populace could only be completed through a differentiation of ethnic identities. Unfortunately, most African states maintained this systematic segregation of peoples through decolonization and the post-colonial era. The patrimonial elites that inherited power in the post-colonial government could use this strategy to ensure a longer political rule (Hagg & Kagwanja, 2008). The result of segregation in Kenya recently transformed into political turmoil. Where Kenya is an example of an emerging democracy in the African context, ethnicity is viewed with trepidation (Jung, 2000). The proclaimed “2007-2008 Kenya Crisis” exemplifies the notion of ethnic tension. In this paragraph, I

Access to resources is a cause of world order conflicts, however in most cases, world order conflicts are also driven by other issues such as conflict over land, culture and hegemony. Such conflicts are also difficult to stop due to factors such as ongoing demand for products by the developed world and the use of veto power. The conflict in Darfur, Sudan is an example of a world order conflict driven by access to resources, namely water, but is also caused by increasing demographic pressure and political marginalisation. The conflict over access to water in Sudan was catalysed by a decline in rainfall in the area, leading to failed harvests and competition for access to this resource, with other factors such as political marginalization influencing the violence.

Many times America has intervened in foreign conflicts such as World War I and World War II. Although Americans did not intervene in World War I until later, their role was to stop Germany from sinking US ships and to stop Germany form trying to conquer most of Europe because it posed a threat to democracy, according to Woodrow Wilson. In the novels The Quiet American, by Graham Greene and in For Whom the Bell Tolls, by Ernest Hemingway, Americans get involved in foreign conflict. Although they have the same motifs, which is to help the local people they both take on a different way of helping them. In Greene’s novel the American tries to apply a “Third Force” to get things settled and introduce the idea of democracy. On the other hand, in Hemingway’s novel the American helps fight against the fascist by planning a bomb attack.

Furthermore, another source of the problem began with the gradual change of the climate in Darfur. Desertification, a process by which land becomes increasingly dry until almost no vegetation grows on it, becomes a major problem for the Darfur people. Land for farming becomes scarce. Living on desert is unsuitable for humans for obvious reasons: lack of food and, more importantly, lack of water. There is not much suitable farm land, therefore “the lack of fertile land caused the populations to compete with one another for land on which they could survive” (Xavier 18). Before desertification became a huge problem for the Sudanese people, they lived in peace. Honestly, “the hostility between Darfur’s Arabs and Africans are relatively new” (Xavier 20). This shows how the competition for survival helped fuel the terrible genocide in Darfur.