Interaction Between Humans And The Environment

The term Neolithic Revolution, commonly given to the changeover from food gathering to food producing. The same tools were used but it was not one single revolution event.The term Agricultural Revolutions is more precise because it emphasizes the central role of food production and signals that the changeover occurred several times. The adoption of agriculture often included the domestication of animals for food.Early farmers used fire to clear fields of shrubs and trees and discovered that ashes were a natural fertilizer. Farming was formed in the Middle East in 10,000 BCE in the "fertile crescent" of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Grains were abundant in that area such as emmer wheat, barley, oats, rye as well as pulses

| Most of the settlements began along the borders of Mesopotamia and date from the 10th to the 9th millennium BC. Because of the dry climate and flooding of the river, farmers had to adapt and eventually began to grow crops of fruits and vegetables.

The Ancient Egyptian empire was mainly the product of a farming and technological revolution. Animal domestication, crop cultivation, and mass farming laid the foundations for civilization to flourish, and these factors led permanent communities to develop. Ancient Egypt also became known for the domestication of wheat and barley. The lifestyle of the people in Ancient Egypt was supported by the location of the Nile river that allowed an aquatic culture to grow. Not only did the Nile river allow for irrigation practices and fertile land for crops, the Nile river also made it possible for trade to be established. Thus, the origins of Ancient Egypt were strongly influenced by the culture of the Afro-Asiatic people and the Nilo-Saharans. The Afro-Asiatic people were skilled at collecting and grinding grains, and the Nilo-Saharans shared techniques for hunting large antelope and other grassland animals. The Nile river made it possible for people to travel to and from Egypt to share such ideas and cultures.

Ancient Egypt and Ancient Greece both believed in life after death, though the process in which they follow that belief differ greatly. The Greeks believed that at the moment of death the spirit leaves the body in the form of a little gust of wind or a puff of breath. The Greeks believed in proper burial rights that were performed in three parts, and the relatives mostly women are the ones that conduct these rituals for the deceased. Much like the modern world these rituals consist of the first step; laying out the body to be dressed, the second funeral procession, and the third step was the cremation of the body. Unlike the Greeks the Egyptians developed a process in which they prepared and preserved the dead for the afterlife, known as mummification. This process is believed to have been the purpose of the Egyptians famous pyramids, believed to be the stairs that would lead the Pharaohs to their kingdom in the afterlife. Artifacts are buried in their tombs such as gold, wine, and sculptures to accompany the dead in life after death.

The Ancient Egyptians believed that the pharaoh was a god himself, and that his power was given to him by the god Ra. Other pharaohs also believed in this as well which was the case with Zoser, and the pharaohs of the preceding dynasties.

The Ancient Egyptian were polytheistic most of the time, which means that they believed in multiple gods. When Akhenaten was pharaoh, the Egyptians were monotheistic, meaning they worshiped only one god. He ended the worship of other gods and claimed that Aten, the lord of all was the only god in Egypt. The Egyptians didn't like this idea, so on their own,

Nomads, Chariots, Territorial States, and Microsocieties, 2000 - 1200 BCE During the second millennium of 2000-1200 BCE was a period of migrations, wars and construction of Afro-Eurasia. While the riverine cities were flourishing in the fourth and the third millennium BCE in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus River Valley, the increased droughts and deserts shook the agricultural economy. Since there was a climate change in these areas and droughts, farmers had to make radical changes in their lifestyle. An example of how the climate changed these ancient societies includes the fall of Egyptian Kingdom, due to the drought of the Nile River, which usually had annually monsoons that helped the Egyptians flourish (Tignor et al, 2008).

How Did The Nile Shape Ancient Egypt My report will explain the various ways the Nile shaped Ancient Egypt for every day life. In the middle of the desert, though rests the Nile River. Ancient Egyptians relied on the Nile's bounty to develop into a prosperous and thriving civilization. Food and papyrus, rainfall was very sparse in Ancient Egypt, so Egyptians relied on the Nile to irragate their crops.

Ecosystems is the dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment that work together to form a functional unit and they are constantly changing due to the fluctuating equilibrium from natural stress and human action which has had adversarial impacts on ecosystems. This is evident in Minnamurra rainforest as human induced modifications and environmental stresses had resulted in a vulnerable ecosystem. Furthermore, the removal of factors that contribute to the vulnerability of an ecosystem is important as it affect the functioning of the ecosystem as processes are accelerated, biodiversity is decreased which greatly affects humans. Despite the negative effects caused by humans, they have discovered that ecosystems are susceptible from harm caused by natural environmental factors or human impacts and realised the importance of protecting and managing ecosystems therefore have implemented management strategies that are supposed to prevent further detriment and as a consequence may induce resiliency.

Stretching across ten countries and spanning over four thousand miles, the Nile River became the heart of Egyptian civilization. The lower (northern) Nile overflowed its banks several months out of the year before the creation of the Aswan High Dam in 1970. When the floodwaters receded, they left a new layer of rich silt behind, making the surrounding valley and delta a fertile and desirable habitat. As early as 8000 BCE, the people who inhabited the valley of the world’s longest river became relatively sedentary and in 5000 BCE they adopted the agricultural village life commonly associated with Neolithic culture. Throughout the Predynastic period, the North African climate was immensely dry. In order to combat this problem, many villages formed alliances that worked to control the river’s flow. Over time, these small federations of villages conquered and absorbed other weaker ones. As communities grew into chiefdoms, they began to advance rapidly toward refined civilization shortly after 3600 BCE.

Religion has been a major factor for the growth and development of societies since the establishment of even the very first ancient civilizations. Though each of the ancient societies—the Chinese, the Egyptians, the Indians, and the Mesopotamians—had different spiritual beliefs, they each shared the common belief that the presence of religion within a civilization would have positive results upon the entire civilization.

Egyptian rulers were viewed as completely divine incarnations of their gods: Horus in life, and Osiris in death. Egyptian citizens believed that so long

Something as simple as the flooding of the Nile was believed to be controlled by the gods for their source of food. Thousands of gods evolved over time for some of the smallest details of Egyptian life. Their pharaoh was a living god on earth, through the god Horus. As Egyptian religion evolved over time, more gods’ names become known, with real cities and places as the origin and happenings of myths (Pinch, 2). Another way Horus begins to appear is in the earliest form of hieroglyphs, the serekh, which included the falcon of Horus (Pinch, 7).

The revolutionizing transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture was a central shift in the way homo sapiens lived that occurred twelve thousand years ago. Consequently, several factors contributed to this astonishing modification of life including increasing population size, favorable environments such as the Nile River in Egypt and the Fertile Crescent in the Mediterranean. Furthermore, the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture allowed for mass production of food in order for the sustainability of the increasing population size, but with agriculture also came specialization and the division of labor ultimately leading to moral inequality.

Agriculture and food production are quite literally the skills that feed a civilization. Old Kingdom Egypt excelled in this area. Egypt’s high success in agriculture was due to many things, ranging from a near constant climate, to the Nile and its annual inundations causing the land to be inexhaustible, to Egypt’s vast amount of other natural resources.