Interbreed Biological Species

For the past couple centuries, dogs have been a large part of human everyday life. We use them as pets, friends, helping hands (paws), etc.; they’ve become an essential part of our lives and we don’t mind that. With a total of 525 million dogs in the world (as of 2012), people have responsibilities of caring for another living creature everywhere. When it comes to picking one of these companions that we know will only be around for a little over a decade (about a tenth of our lives!), people can get very curious about the differences between mixed dog breeds and purebred dogs. While there are quite a number of differences between mixed and purebred, it’s up to dog owners to care accordingly and know what these differences truly mean.

Race is described as, “A group of people identified as distinct from other groups because of supposed physical or genetic traits shared by the group. Most biologist and anthropologists do not recognize race as a biologically valid classification, in part because there is more genetic variation within groups than between them.” (www.freeedictionary.com) When sorting people by the way they look, I found that I used ethnicity more than race to distinguish which person should be categories into a group.

Perhaps, where they coexisted, some difference prevented interbreeding or the production of hybrids between these populations and early human ancestors. Usually such differences between related species originate as adaptations to the environment, not as devices for reproductive isolation.

What were some of the economic and political motivations that lead to the idea of race and racial genetic differences?

An analysis of the observed heterozygosity of Lake Trout populations from three lakes: Devil, Eagle, and Loughborough, inferred from microsatellite genotypes.

There are four main groups of reptiles, known as Crocodilians, Squamates, Tuataras, and Turtles. Crocodilians consists of large reptiles which includes alligators, crocodiles, gharials, and caimans. Squamates are lizards, snakes, and worm-lizards. A worm-lizard is a subterranean burrowing reptile that resembles an earthworm, a legless lizard. Tuataras are a group of reptiles that are lizard-like in appearance but are different from squamates because their skull isn’t jointed. Turtles are the most ancient reptiles alive today. They have changed very little since they first showed up 220 million years ago. The first turtle appeared 220 million years ago.(Laura Klappenbach)

Birds are closely related to crocodiles because they share the same ancestry with the dinosaurs. To compare the crocodile and lizard, one would think the lizard is closely related to crocodiles, as we read in our text, "similar structures don't always reveal common ancestry." Crocodiles and birds evolved having the same common ancestry as the dinosaur. Lizards, on the other hand, do not share a close common ancestor with crocodiles or dinosaurs, their common ancestry is more distant.

One advantage of sexual reproduction is that these organisms generally have greater genetic diversity. Organisms who reproduce asexually, on the other hand, are essentially clones of each other. This means that their predators can adapt to hunt them easily. The diversity of sexually reproducing organisms allows them to stay a step ahead of their predators because of their genetic variations and their ability to adapt via natural selection (Brockmyre 2015).

Though it may seem that the issue of species revival through a means of genetic science is a modern idea, similar arguments throughout the past also hold relevance to the modern issue of genetic species revival. To better understand the issue as it becomes more prevalent, it is important to examen different perspectives that span many centuries time, generating new insight on the issue. Examining different perspectives on the perceived human influences on species extinction vs. natural law and lack of adaptability, and give a determination on the ethical implications to society and ecology from the above arguments and philosophies from each viewpoint. Through these key statements, the arguments on genetic species revival can be

Many may argue that race is a social construct and others that it is biologically real. Pigliucci and Kaplan argue in their article, on the concept of biological race and its applicability to human, race is seen as being a form of defining ethnicity or culture has been defined societally and not scientifically or philosophically “the best way of making sense of systematic variation within the human species is likely to rely on the ecotypic conception of biological races” (Pigliucci and Kaplan 2003). A group of organisms residing in a specific environment, genetically adapted to certain environments and distinguished from one another based on “many or a very few genetic differences.” Gene flow between them is common. Thus, a single population

Alasdair, Wilkins. "Why Inbreeding Isn 't as Bad as You Think." Io9. Io9, 30 Dec. 2011. Web. 05 Feb. 2016..

It is no surprise people enjoy stories of overcoming the odds. This is why both children and adults love the movie Zootopia. Walt Disney’s Zootopia is a heartwarming story on its own, but when it is analyzed, the movie has deeper meaning and lessons to learn. Zootopia not only has many post-colonial aspects that explain the mammals’ way of life, but it displays psychoanalytic tendencies about how the main characters childhoods affected them later in life.

The co-evolutionary relationship in which the cow helps to spread grass seed, plant it with hooves and fertilize it with his manure in exchange the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful supply of lunch for cows to convert grass into high-quality protein by means of their rumen is regarded as a nature underappreciated

There are many different definitions of the word species and they all have their pros and cons when it comes to addressing these issues and describing what makes a species distinct from another species. One of the most common definitions for species is the following, “a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring-but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other groups.” This definition makes sense when one thinks that a monkey cannot mate with a cat. The creation of viable and fertile offspring depends on the avoidance of both prezygotic and postzygotic barriers that put a stop to it. Prezygotic barriers refer to barriers that happen before creation of the zygote including habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, and gametic isolation.

Generally speaking, there are numerous issues related to genetic diversity which include mutations, sexual reproduction, migration, and population size.