Internal Validity And Its Effect On Students ' Attitudes On Elective And Inherent Hand Washing

Hand washing is the topic for Community Teaching Plan. Hand washing means to wash hands with water and soap, but sometimes without soap to remove the dirt, soil and microorganisms from the hand. Author explains the importance of handwashing, indications proper technique of handwashing. This also covers how handwashing helps in control of disease and infection.

Validity refers to whether the research conducted is what it intended to be. Validity involves dependability, which means, a valid measure must be reliable. But, reliability doesn’t have to link to validity, a reliable measure is not required to be valid.

Give a one-sentence definition of internal validity. As an example, I’m going to conduct a study that deprives college students of sleep, to prove their grades will go down as a result. If I found a link between reduced sleep and reduced grades, what is an internally valid conclusion about the results of this study (be specific)?

It is possible for a measure to have one and not all of the above criteria’s. If it lacks one of the measurements the chances of the study/research lacking credibility are higher.

Convergent validity is a measure as a construct to the extent that the item correlates with what it should correlate if it is a measure of the construct, usually by Pearson correlation. Measure can be positive or negatively correlated. For example, how many times do you knock on a door positively correlating to compulsive to how many times you quietly meditate being negatively correlated.

There are numerous evidence-based practice interventions that have become standard nursing practices across the country. Hand hygiene is a nursing practice intervention that is currently evidence (research) based. It is one of, if not the most, important interventions practiced in providing standardized care. The rationale behind that statement refers to the high percentage of hospital acquired infections; hand hygiene practices are measures used for maximum effectiveness in reducing the spread of these infections. Compared to the various health care professionals who come in contact with patients when providing care, nurses are by far the largest faction that implements the highest quantity of direct patient care in health care. That said, of all the asepsis precautions, techniques, and interventions that are currently in place, hand hygiene is the single most effective intervention used by nurse to prevent themselves from infection and the cross-infection to their patients. Although this evidence-based intervention is of utmost importance to implement at all times, research shows the difficulty in influencing nurses and other health care professionals to practice hand hygiene as often as recommended.

AHR use measurement simply indicates AHR was dispensed, not when AHR was used, who used the AHR, or the quality of HH. Employees could falsely inflate usage without performing HH. Dawson and Makrill (2014) reviewed 19 unique technologies to measure HH adherence. The researchers found none of the devices were fully fit for purpose in their ability to monitor, measure, and provide feedback at all the Five Moments. Ward et al. (2014) cautioned despite the significant advances in technological HH surveillance programs, there are no high-quality quasi experimental studies, cluster randomized trials, or decision-analytic modeling studies for comparison. They cite a need to assess the accuracy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of such systems before these systems are widely adopted. Savage, Fuller, Besser, and Stone (2011) measured the average daily volume of AHR used as a percentage of the average daily volume procured by the hospital ward over the previous 12 months. Whitby et al (2008) monitored hospital HCWs’ HH adherence using electronic counters to reduce the Hawthorne effect. The soap dispenser had a three-second lockout mechanism, recording one hand wash even if the dispenser was depressed several times. Likewise, the AHR dispenser was calibrated to provide sufficient product for one

The fidelity of the treatment is another threat to construct validity. Researchers observed a subsample of the treatment and control groups twice during the year of the study. They did not observe the remaining sample groups. The lack of frequency in observations creates concern about the fidelity of instruction in the treatment

In many of the journal articles used the dependent variable was the outcome of an intervention being tested or affirmed for efficacy. The independent variable used was the intervention being tested. This was common in the primary analyses referenced in this paper.

Validity refers to that measuring tool or approaches can accurately measure things needed to be measured. It can be considered as an extent that measured results reflect investigative contents. Measured results more tend to be identical, validity will be higher, vice versa. Guba and Lincoln (1981) argued that whole social research must include invalidity in order to acquire worthwhile data within both the rationalistic paradigm (quantitative research) and naturalistic paradigm (qualitative research). Some factors can determine the level of validity, which include bias, construct

The topic was chosen for a number of reasons, including the great need for improving hand hygiene, to preserve and promote positive care of patients, looking into issues which may hinder hand hygiene compliance.

The easiest way to test for reliability is through test-retest method. For instance, measuring the weight of students, if the weight the same after two different tests using a similar machine then the measurement is reliable. Validity, on the other hand, refers to the accuracy of a test or measurement. For instance, in calculating the mean of students, the method used need to be correct to give the correct results. The results will be said to be valid. A measure can be reliable but not valid because reliability focuses merely on consistency while validity focuses more on accuracy (Babbie,

indicator of whether the desired trait is measured. If elements of the test are irrelevant to the main construct, then they are measuring something else completely, creating potential bias. In addition, criterion validity derives quantitative correlations from test course. Content validity is qualitative in nature, and asks whether a specific element enhances or detracts from a test or research program. How is content validity is measured by using surveys and tests, each questions is given to a panel of experts analysts, and they rate it. The analysts give their opinion about whether the question is essential, useful or irrelevant to measuring the construct under study. For example, a depression scale in which there is low content validity if it only shows

External Validity includes generalization claims, or the study 's capacity to sum up the outcomes crosswise over various circumstances, gatherings of individuals, or experimental methods. External validity is the degree to which your research results apply to more than simply the general population in your analysis. The primary criteria of external validity is the procedure of generalization, and whether results come about acquired from a little example bunch, regularly in the research center environment, can be stretched out to make expectations about the population as a whole. It is related to the concept of generalization, in which there are three types. The three types of generalization in which external validity is associated with are population generalization, environmental generalization, and temporal generalization.

The solution to increasing hand-washing compliance does not have a simple, one fix-all answer. Instead, there are a few small ways that can contribute to increasing our hand-washing compliance. Some LHSC locations have made significant progress in compliance rates however, there is still room to improve towards the goal of 100 per cent compliance. Figure 1 provides a graphical representation of the average hand-washing compliance rates for moments 1 and 4 in relation to LHSC’s goal. The compliance rates displayed are shown as an average for the University Hospital and Victoria Hospital.