Introduction
The upstream sector of the oil and gas industry is majorly capital intensive and characterised by numerous uncertainties likely to affect exploration and exploitation of natural resources. The complexity of projects, stringent regulatory framework and operating circumstances contribute to its functionality and outcomes. Host countries have the benefit of negotiating the arrangement in which multinationals firms will operate.
Formation of a Joint Operating Agreement (JOA) between an International Oil Company (IOC) and the host governments by way of National Oil Companies (NOC) drafts a contract for interested parties to sign. It is through such an agreement that co-operations explore, develop and produce oil and gas
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Finally, the third part will raise arguments about the roles played by IFRS 6 guidelines in upstream sector accounting and reporting.
Operating Arrangement by IOC’s
Prior to exploring and exploiting hydrocarbons, multinationals and host governments engage in contractual agreements to ensure process is facilitated smoothly. All relevant information are captured in the agreement such as length and parties to the agreement, party’s interest, the works scope, control cost and liabilities, transfer interest, allocation of hydrocarbon, accounting procedures just to mention a few. According to Al-Attar A. and Alomair O. (2005), the upstream petroleum arrangements have undergone three evolutions namely the concessionary agreements (CAs), economic nationalism and the current participation agreements (PAs)
At first, global vertically integrated companies “seven sisters” held concessions in several countries especially in low cost E &P areas (Al-Attar A. and Alomair O. 2005). The PAs were majorly controlled by IOC’s due to oil-rich nation’s naivety about resources in the less developed countries and extraction skills. Due to their biasness; politics and the continued acceptance of oil and gas, countries holding the reserves re-negotiated and sort options to CA (Waqas M. 2014).
The improvements led to the economic nationalism contract which saw NOC’s come into the industry with new agreements. With inability to negotiate concession terms by host nations,
The United Oil Company of California (Unocal) made the decision in the 1990’s to invest in energy projects outside of the United States and chose to invest in the “Yadana field” pipeline. There are many stakeholders involved in the international “Yadana Field” natural gas project. Unocal, Thailand’s PTT Exploration and Production Public Co., Total S.A., and the Burmese government (Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise) along with the employees of these companies are all major stakeholders in the project. These were the main participants that would directly benefit as a result of the project. The people who were living in the area that the pipeline was to be
The famous singer and songwriter, Miranda Lambert, has impacted many lives with her songs. Miranda was raised in Lindale, Texas (“Miranda Lambert”). This is where many of her songs take place. She suddenly became very interested in the country music business at age nine ("Miranda Lambert Artistfacts"). This interest was sparked when her parents took her to see Garth Brooks in concert ("Miranda Lambert Artistfacts"). She entered her first country music talent show at only age ten (“Miranda Lambert”). Soon after learning guitar from her father, Miranda later began writing her own songs (“Miranda Lambert”). In 2001, her family paid and promoted her very first CD (“Miranda Lambert”). Miranda Lambert soon made a name for herself, when she auditioned for a country music reality show, Nashville Star (“Miranda Lambert”). She finished her career on this show placing third ("Miranda Lambert Artistfacts"). Although, after the show, she landed a record deal with Sony Music (“Miranda Lambert”). In 2005, she release a very successful album, Kerosene (“Miranda Lambert”). In fact, it became number one on the Billboard country music chart ("Miranda Lambert Artistfacts"). Two years later, she released another hit album, Crazy Ex-Girlfriend
The chapter by Manabu Shimizu focuses on Japan’s efforts in oil exploration and the country’s future goals in the oil industry. Since Japan imports all of its oil, the “challenge is to establish a long-term, sustainable oil supply” (Shimizu 113). Japan has begun to fund Central Asian oil exploration in the hopes of a big oil market being produced for that region. However, Japan does not intend to import oil from Central Asia, rather they want other regions to do import. By doing so, some of the production pressure is lifted from the Middle East, which is where most of Japan’s oil comes from. At the moment, the Middle East is the main producer of oil for many countries with great power over the market, and Japan hopes to create another market
In both the book, Night by Elie Wiesel, and the movie “Life is beautiful” the plot follows a father, and son going through the holocaust together and share similar aspects throughout. In the movie, an Italian man of Jewish descent named Guido had married the woman of his dreams, his princess, but was taken by his son by his side into a concentration camp. In order to keep his son happy he convinced his son that the holocaust was a big game and that they had to win first place to get a tank. In Night, a memoir of Elie Wiesel's life, Elie is brought to a concentration camp with his father and endure many hardships, but give each other motivation to survive. These two works are more similar in the conflict and plot, but differ mostly in the character's
In addition to the US peak oil situation, the US Oil Drilling and Gas Extraction Industry faces heavy foreign market competition. In 2011, the US ranked 3rd in oil production, behind Saudi Arabia and Russia (Energy, 2012). Saudi Arabia’s OPEC governor expects Saudi output to rise steadily beyond 2030 with a 1.5 million barrel per day spare production capacity then (Energy, 2012). Russia holds the world’s largest
Introduction Petrolera Zuata, hereinafter referred to as Petrozuata, was the first joint venture in a series of strategic associations between PDVSA, Venezuela 's state-owned enterprise entrusted with the task to "efficiently develop and manage the country 's hydrocarbon resources and promote economic development", its subsidiaries and foreign
The question that has arisen from this shift is whether or not the Canadian oil and gas industry inclusive of the upstream, and midstream sectors, has a net positive benefit to Canada. This essay will explore and seek to understand the myriad of issues that this industry faces daily.
Every presidential election in the United States is different, but what makes this election stand out more than others? The candidates, obviously. But more importantly, it’s the economic and cultural issues that intensify this 2016 election.
Recently, the government has passed a legislation which allows companies other than Petrobras to operate blocks in the pre-salt. The government has also created new projects that would support onshore exploration, as well as biofuels. Furthermore, for the first time ever, Brazil has announced that is has approved the calendar for ten bid rounds. In these bid rounds, the government hopes to attract foreign companies by offering attractive concession contracts and production sharing contracts in unitizable and pre-salt areas. With these measures, Brazil is not only offering one of the most attractive blocks for exploration in the world but it also granting companies with the largest window of opportunity for investment in decades, said Decio Oddone, General Director for the National Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels Agency
Thus most industrial nations wanted to change their dependency upon oil, which sparked many efforts in oil conservation, restrictions, and research into alternative energy resources. This issue has caused many problems in international relations there and even today it is the root of political skirmishes. Many countries believed that the oil companies should be broken up so that there would not be any monopoly in this giant industry. This time of exploration was iconic because of the pressure in the oil industry. Also, there was a prediction during this time that made a close connection between economic health and the control of oil resources.
"... an open and attractive oil sector for foreign investment, with the appropriate arrangements to explore new fields."
As stated by Jones et al. (2006) “Reexamining the relationship between owners and suppliers, which involves rethinking the contractual framework and increasing the level of constructive cooperation so that both parties can jointly address current and future concerns.” Although, setbacks are sometimes inevitable it also good business to reevaluate suppliers if they can’t perform the task necessary oil and gas companies can either modify or terminate the contract to help avoid legal issues or any breach of contracts. It is also necessary to track any changes that have been implemented. Contract management can be challenging but it would high complex if contract were not met. Given the flux environment of oil and gas there are many variables that feed into the contract changes. Whether it be added supplier, added countries, changes in product production track and changes can help with risk management and help with any issues and solutions that are necessary with in the contract to help keep limited liabilities at all levels.
Kuwait is one of the 12 members of the OPEC countries, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. According to the organization, these members produce about 81 percent of the total oil produced in the world. In the recent past, there have been rumors about the country not producing as much oil as it is proving that it does (Cobb, 2012). It cannot be said with certainty whether or not the oil reserves of Kuwait are depleting, however, this subject is important for discussion because the whole world depends on oil reserves of the major oil producing countries. All the issues, economic or political, revolve around one country wanting to take over the other for its all reserves. In this paper, we shall discuss the presence of oil reserves in Kuwait and some news pertaining to their depletion and overstatement. We shall also address this topic in another aspect; the oil depletion protocol.
During this time Venezuela also pursued two other types of contracts: joint agreements and exploration agreements. In the first two rounds of OSAs, the IOCs’ recovery included the initial investment plus interest (capital fee) and additional per barrel production operation fee to cover costs without sharing the profit oil. The third round OSAs however were different since a share in the produced oil was given to the IOC through a sliding mechanism based on the projects’ internal rate of return in each year and an incremental value of the production (market value of produced oil – costs, royalties, fees). This has made Venezuela’s OSAs similar to
Gas and oil development plans are branded by huge capital investments. Exploration and production operations incorporate numerous activities, reaching from undertaking geological surveys, finding hydrocarbon resources, and commercially exploiting them. Projects in this area are of a high risk nature in physical trading, and political sense as it is hard to know in advance the presence, degree and value of hydrocarbon resources, as well as production costs and the price oil of oil in the global world market Kaiser, Mark .J (2007)