International Finance

Rate = Canadian rate Mexican pesos? Japanese Yen ? French Francs ?

| In Year 1, depreciation is $5,000 plus 15% of the asset’s outlayFrom Year 2, depreciation is either * 30% of the asset’s book value; or * if the asset’s book value is less than $6,500, depreciation is the asset’s book value (i.e. asset is depreciated to zero once book value < $6,500)

The weak economic growth in Asia ad in Europe has helped in benefiting Canada and the US. Asia and Europe had also faced deflationary pressures which were caused by the changes in the rates of interest rates in the economy. The risk of the inflationary pressure in the US led to the increasing concern of the federal reserves. The Canadian bonds have been trading at a considerably lower yield as compared to the US bonds in the market. The situation was supposed to be maintained if the Canadian dollars in the economy appreciated relatively to those of the US dollars in the economy. The outlook for the bonds in the economy looked to be very attractive an aspect which was attributed to the changes in

Canada’s economy has to face many issues. One of these being the rate of exchange. The canadian dollar has been going up and down constantly throughout many years. “The first paper money issued in Canada nominated in dollars were British Army notes, issued through 1813, The Bank of Canada was created in 1934 and given responsibility, through an Act of Parliament.” Much has happened to the dollar throughout the years; the economy always varied depending on the dollar worth because it has always played a major role on the economy. Pertaining to the issues of the exchange rate, I will discuss two main ways of it and how it plays a big role on the economy in present times.

An increase in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar relative to a trading partner can result from

RE = [$1.30 × (1 + 0.060)] / $36.80 + 0.060 = 0.097446 = 9.74 percent (3)

The strength of the U.S. economy is important for Canada’s trade, economy and exchange rate. Increasing U.S. unemployment can positively or negatively influence the value of the loonie. Canada’s dollar can increase due to demand from buyers looking to invest in a stable economy with low risk. On the other hand, Canada’s GDP is dependent on U.S. trade. If less Americans are purchasing goods in Canada due to increased unemployment, the Canadian dollar will fall. Therefore, it is inconclusive that unemployment rates solely influence the rise of the Canadian dollar. There are many other factors that influence the exchange rate, such as commodity prices, investor confidence, overvalued currency and inflation rates.

a single year we have already witnessed the large decline in value of the Canadian dollar. The

Depreciation factor of 2 is equivalent to annual depreciation rate of 40.00% for 5 years.

Other economic influences could be that inflation may rise faster than expected in the future as a result of the U.S.’s selling of its debt overseas and the value of the U.S. dollar could fall. (Beams, 2004)

The Canadian dollar has dropped to a nearly record low, as the dollar and the oil prices are declining in tandem. Oil prices affect the Canadian dollar because oil extraction and refining account for a large part of Canada’s GDP and is a main economic driver. However, as a result of the weak Canadian dollar, Canadian exports have become very attractive and demand for non-energy exports has increased. Similarly, Canadian imports are becoming more expensive, resulting in a negative impact on consumers. The GDP of Canada is expected to decrease by $15-billion per year commencing at the end of 2016 (The Canadian Press, 2016). This is expected because most of foreign investment into Canada is made into the oil and gas sector, and as this sector becomes less attractive, reduced investment occurs. The Canadian stock market has declined 20% since mid-2014, the same time as the decrease in oil prices

With the economy constantly changing, we are starting to see drastic changes in our dollar. A countries currency determines their strength in the market and their inflation rate. With a higher inflation rate, they are able to buy more and do more for a cheaper price. To help us better understand the difference between the weak dollar and the strong dollar, we will go in depth with both weak and strong dollars and its advantages and disadvantages, the currency monitor, the causes of the weak and strong dollar, and how it fluctuates and affects operations.

4.15 On January 1, 1985, the annual inflation rates in the U.S. and France were expected to be 4% and 6%, respectively. If the current spot rate that day was $.1250, then the expected spot rate in two years was

dollar. In dollarization, the country abolishes its own currency and uses a foreign currency, such as the U.S. dollar, for all domestic transactions. 6. Emerging market exchange rate regimes. High capital mobility is forcing emerging market nations to choose between free-floating regimes and currency board or dollarization regimes. What are the main outcomes of each of these regimes from the perspective of emerging market nations? There is no doubt that for many emerging markets a currency board, dollarization, and freely-floating exchange rate regimes are all extremes. In fact, many experts feel that the global financial marketplace will drive more and more emerging market nations towards one of these extremes. As illustrated by Exhibit 2.5, there is a distinct lack of “middle ground” left between rigidly fixed and freely floating. In anecdotal support of this argument, a poll of the general population in Mexico in 1999 indicated that 9 out of 10 people would prefer dollarization over a floating-rate peso. Clearly, there are many in the emerging markets of the world who have little faith in their leadership and institutions to implement an effective exchange rate policy.

Explain how the international trade flows should initially adjust in response to the changes in inflation (holding exchange rates constant). Explain how the international capital flows should adjust in response to the changes in interest rates (holding exchange rates constant).