International Foundation Course : Economics Option

Globalization involves “the socioeconomic reform process of eliminating trade, investment, information technology, and cultural and political barriers across countries, which could lead to increased economic growth and geopolitical integration and independence among nations of the world (Gasper, 2017, p. 5)”. Globalization has led to many great successes and has allowed good and services to cross foreign borders. Globalization permits economic growth within developing and developed countries.

Globalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network by transportation, communication, and trade. Through a global lens the process of globalization seems to be vital to the development of the modern world. As a result of globalization there has been a dramatic transition in every aspect of life around the world, more specifically in areas such as trade, immigration, and human development. International trade bolsters sales, lowers the cost of production and consumption, and extends the market reach of any corporation. This is beneficial to America in that consumers are able to buy more goods and services at lower costs and therefore the gross domestic product

The time when General Pervez Musharraf took over, Pakistan was facing major economic problems such as

Globalization is the process in which people from diverse cultures, societies and regions interact with each other and share their ideas. As we approach the broad concepts of globalization, it is necessary to promptly address the impacts of it on developed and developing countries. Globalization has affected every country and has led to some radical changes. It has had a direct impact on our daily life and has influenced our social norms, economy and political landscape. It has also provided an opportunity to people from diverse cultures to interact, which has led to a change in the way how people talk, dress and eat. The impacts of globalization are explored in "Globalization Has Harmed Developing Nations." By Lila Rajiva,"Globalization Benefits Developing Nations." By Steven Horwitz, “The Impact of Globalization in the Developing Countries” By Fairooz Hamdi and in “Globalization Benefits the World's Cultures” by Phillippe Legrain. These articles have analyzed the impacts of globalization on developing and developed countries rigorously. In short, I agree with Fairooz Hamdi’s viewpoint on globalization, which states that the overall positives of globalization outweigh the negatives and that Globalization will be beneficial in the long run.

The term globalization can be defined as a process by which societies, regional economies and cultures have been integrated via a global network of transportation, communication and trade. It has both positive and negative impacts in all the areas that it touches on be it economical, social, technology, cultural, political, environment, health or any other. Globalization started to have an impact on businesses world wide in the eighteenth century since that time marks the merging of modernity and globalization. However, in the modern sence, globalization kicked off after the end of Second World War since its during that time that leaders felt the urge to break down the borders

Globalization is the process by which different societies and cultures integrate through a worldwide network of political ideas through transportation, communication, and trade. Generally, globalization has affected many nations in various ways; economically, politically, and socially. It is a term that refers to the fast integration and interdependence of various nations, which shapes the world affairs on a global level. Simply put; globalization is the world coming together. In this essay I will discuss multiple perspectives on globalization through the analysis of these three sources.

Globalization is difficult to simply define due to the variety of changing definitions that have been established over previous decades. Hamilton and Webster (2012) suggest that globalization is the connection between nations, defining globalization as a process in which barriers are reduced in order to encourage exchanges between countries. This view proposes that globalization refers very much so to the trade barriers and the improved communications between countries in order to ensure the world is unified. Globalization increases economic activity across the world and opens up markets for foreign investment.

Economic factors: Due to income disparity in Pakistan and the adverse economic conditions, people are tending to save rather than to spend. Moreover, the increase in unemployment rate and inflation rate also supports these assumptions. However, on the other hand, the increase in the wealth of already wealthy people has increased the use of Dine in restaurants which is one of the stimuli for McDonald’s to open a branch in Pakistan. Furthermore, cost of labor has decreased over the years making labor cheap in Pakistan as compared to other countries has also influenced foreign investments. Examples of Economic factors are Growth rate, inflation rate, unemployment rate, interest rates, exchange rates, labor costs, labor supply etc.

Globalization is an inescapable factor in the global economy today. Its effects can be felt throughout the world in industrialized and developing nations alike. The “process of globalization is so pervasive that it affects all businesses,” (Lawrence & Weber, 2014, p. 71). The benefits of globalization are apparent to organizations and nations such as reduction in poverty and benefits to consumers. But globalization must be properly balanced with a covential pledge to care for one another. Run amuck, globalization can facilitate negative effects on the environment, resource allocation and culturally diverse sustainability. Globalization is beneficial to the global economy, but must be balanced with a respect for

Stiff competition in the foreign market particularly of our value added goods has reduced the volume of foreign trade in Pakistan. It causes reduction in exports, which result in deficit in BOP.

After independence, the economic policy of India mainly focused on protection of domestic industries, therefore domestic policy was made such as import substitution industrialization, a large government run public sector, economic interventionism, business regulation, etc. Trade and foreign investment policies were liberalized. In 1950 many industries such as steel, mining, telecommunications, insurance, etc was nationalized. There was quick development of heavy industry by both public and private sectors. Since 1965, Green Revolution in India was started were the use of high-yielding varieties of seeds, improved irrigation facilities and increased fertilizers help a lot. Moreover, in 1970 the government reduced the control on price and corporate taxes and focus on promoting the creation of small scale industries in large.

market economy. A significant recent driving factor of this transformation is the accession of Pakistan to

Pakistan is a developing country which is deficient in capital. Since its inception it has relied on foreign assistance to fill the financing gap which exists in different sectors. An efficient allocation of funds in each sector would have helped us overcome these difficulties and helped us raise the standard of living across the board. Due to mismanagement on the part of the government, there were wasteful expenditures. Now the country faces fiscal deficits due to corrupt government officials and poorly constructed policies. As a result of all this the country has amassed huge amount of foreign debt from donor countries (Hassan, 1998).

The economic past of Pakistan begins with its independence in 1947. Pakistan’s economy is a semi-industrialized economy that used to be largely dependent upon textile, agriculture and food production. Although over years there is a recent advancement observed in areas of technological diversification but the country still needs to

Since the independence in 1947 the economy of Pakistan has emerged as a semi-industrialized economy and is mainly based on textile, agriculture and food production. The textile industry contributes around 9% to the country’s gross domestic product (khurram baig, 2013). However, since the start of 2008 the country as a whole has struggled to gain the confidence of many foreign and local investors due to instability and security concerns and the country is struggling to gain back the confidence ever since. Although, after 2012 an increase in the FDI was seen due to improvement in the tertiary sector, this was n mainly due to an increase in spending power and confidence shown by the local consumers (The World Bank).