International Institutions, Treaties, And Sanctions Essay

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an international agreement between Canada, America and Mexico. This agreement took effect in January 1994 and was signed by President Bill Clinton. This agreement brought great changes in trade volumes and open new opportunities for millions of labours. Later, in January 2008 according to the schedule all duties and restrictions were eliminated. About 45,000 tariffs were eliminated in 1994 and only 3000 were left until 1999.

The features of the NAFTA include the abolition of tariffs on 99% of traded goods between the United States, Canada, and Mexico, removal of barriers on cross-boarder service flow, protection of intellectual property rights, removal of restrictions on foreign direct investment, application of national environmental standards, and two commissions with the responsibility to impose fines and remove trade privileges (Hill, 2011). The two commissions focused on environmental and labor issues among trading partners. The agreements support “cooperative efforts to reconcile policies, and procedures for dispute resolution between the member states (NAFTA, 2011).

The International Criminal Court (ICC), created in 1998 (Thayer and Ibryamova 2010), is responsible for investigating and prosecuting the most extreme cases, including crimes against humanity, aggressive crimes, war crimes, and genocide. The credibility of this institution, however, has been compromised due to the United States revocation of support and membership. Initially it is important to recognize the arguments against the United States becoming a member state of the ICC and what precipitated the U.S. withdrawing its signature from the document that instituted the Court. Once this has been established, addressing and refuting these objections will develop the arguments in favor of ICC membership. Finally, this analysis will lead to

There is a close relationship between human rights and criminal law. The scope of my paper will surround human rights and the International Criminal Court (ICC) in addition to human rights and international crimes. International criminal justice in this context speaks to those interested in prosecuting against the background of international human rights and humanitarian norms. The use of criminal law has many positive effects and pursues many goals that are worth considering. For example, deterrence, accountability and punishment are important principles that will be discussed in the context of human rights. Is the International Criminal Court an effective method to promote and protect human rights internationally? If so, why and how?

participants in this conference created three organizations to help regulate the international economy. The first is the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which was established with the idea of regulating monetary policy. One of the benchmarks of the IMF is the stabilization of exchange rates and the loaning of money to help stabilize countries with balance of payments deficits. The second organization established was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) whose main focus was on a liberal trading order.

     Over the past few years, the International Criminal Court (ICC or “the Court”) has been igniting controversy the world over. As more countries rallied behind it, more objections have been made, particularly from Americans, regarding what many view as fundamental flaws. I have chosen two papers to compare and contrast the different viewpoints taken by the authors when reflecting upon America’s involvement with the ICC. One calls for total rejection of the ICC, the other weighs the risks and benefits and calls for revision but acceptance.

     International trade has been in existence throughout history and has an economic impact on the participating countries. Trade in most countries has a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and helps to boost the

One of the biggest firms associated with globalization is the World Trade Organization. The World Trade Organization is the only international body that deals with the rules of trading between nations. It has evolved over the past half century into an entity that contract with the trade of services, intellectual property as well as its original intent of the trade of goods. The WTO controls most trade in the world today through over 100 countries, and even more on the way. The World Trade Organization is beneficial economically and we should support its principles.

The first paradigm of international relations is the theory of Realism. Realism is focused on ideas of self-interest and the balance of power. Realism is also divided into two categories, classical realism and neo-realism. Famous political theorist, Hans Morgenthau was a classical realist who believed that national interest was based on three elements, balance of power, military force, and self interest (Kleinberg 2010, 32). He uses four levels of analysis to evaluate the power of a state. The first is that power and influence are not always the same thing. Influence means the ability to affect the decision of those who have the power to control outcomes and power is the ability to determine outcomes. An example of influence and power

Globalization has become one of the most influential forces in the twentieth century. International integration of world views, products, trade and ideas has caused a variety of states to blur the lines of their borders and be open to an international perspective. The merger of the Europeans Union, the ASEAN group in the Pacific and NAFTA in North America is reflective of the notion of globalized trade. The North American Free Trade Agreement was the largest free trade zone in the world at its conception and set an example for the future of liberalized trade. The North American Free Trade Agreement is coming into it's twentieth anniversary on January 1st, 2014. 1 NAFTA not only sought to enhance the trade of goods and services across

The three major international economic institutions are the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organization; this book mainly focuses on the IMF and the World Bank, due to the author’s first-hand experience with both institutions. The IMF, a public institution built as a guiding hand for economic stability around the world, has brought false

In the world, several international organizations are created for peaceful relationship and benefits from each other. Recently, a big news from the United Kingdom has caused people in a panic. That’s its withdrawal from the European Union, an international organization comprising 28 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies. This decision is widely known as Brexit. This has affected the operation of the international business market between countries in Europe, especially the United Kingdom. Some people are happy about it and some do not. The trading and workers in the United Kingdom therefore have significant impacts related to the trade organization, trade barrier, arguments for trade Barriers, and imports.

The level of internationalisation around the globe has grown throughout the years, with advanced technologies the ease and ability to work with foreign countries has also grown. However, firms do not simply interact with each other with no outside party involvement; the government can be seen to play a large role in conducting international business. Governments continuously have the responsibility to act in the manner that they believe is best for their nation; this includes decisions regarding protectionism, which may serve to aid domestic industries but simultaneously hinder international business. It can be seen that governments do not always act in their nation’s best interest and are corrupt which can serve to increase the risks and costs of entering an international business environment. While these are examples in which the government makes international business difficult it can also be seen that the presence of a government is instrumental in creating international business effectiveness, whether this be through their legal system or from trade agreements. This makes the role the government plays paradoxical; as their involvement generally increases the risks and costs of firms seeking to internationalise, whilst simultaneously playing a significant role in creating international business effectiveness.

After World War II, there were two drawbacks referring to the legal framework of international trade and investment. Firstly, although the GATT did exist as a response of the failure of the International Trade Organization (‘ITO’), it did not have a formal organizational structure to conduct its function. Besides, the GATT only covered goods and yet services, although the latter was becoming more vital for countries’ economies. In international investment, there was no applicable law protecting the interest of foreign investment, for example, how to regulate monetary transfer from host countries, and how to calculate compensation upon nationalisation. Albeit customary international law did exist, it did not accommodate the needs of multinational enterprises. Moreover, it was nearly impossible to change customary international law.

International investment law was developed as a response to the inadequacies of the customary international law in protecting foreign property by providing responsibility to host state.[footnoteRef:2] Most of capital exporting countries was developed states which required better market access commitments from capital exporting countries, and also better standards of investment protection.[footnoteRef:3] The failure to conclude multilateral investment agreement forced developed states to find an alternative for investment protection. Consequently, bilateral investment treaties become the most common legal tools to provide both protection and promotion of investment.[footnoteRef:4] In addition, according to (?..) a massive breakthrough in the development of international investment regime occurred after the end of World War II during the Bretton Woods negotiations, the idea came from Keynes to create an international trade organization.[footnoteRef:5] [2: Historical development of investment treaties p.71] [3: Historical development of investment treaties p.71] [4: Historical development of investment treaties p.71] [5: Is it time to change traditional BITs]