Mendel University in Brno
Faculty of Regional Development and International Studies
International Migration in South America
Economic Geography
Michal Birčiak
Obsah
International Migration in South America 1
Obsah 2
Introduction 4
History of international migration in South America 5 Migration in 2008, 2009 6
International migration from the South America 7
1.1Migration back home 7
Migration to the others states of OECD 9
1.2Migration to Japan 10
Main features 10
1.3Feminisation of migration 10
1.4Permanence of skilled migration 11
Economic aspects of international migration 12
International migration in Brazil and Argentina 13
1.5International Migration of Brazil 13
Migraton
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The agricultural expansion followed by economic expansion in the region were the main factors of creation of the new working places and thus the reason to migrate to these countries.
After second World Word, Europe fell into vigorous economic transformation that started in the nothnern and western states and later spred to southern Europe. These transformations had impact on migrations of the population. People decide to stay in their home country instead of migrating to the new one. In the same time the gap between degre of socio-economic development of the European nations and that of the South American countries was widening. The impact of whole this transformation was that migraton to the South America decreased and people prefered to move back to the old continent.
After all we can distinguish Historical migration patterns of South America to three significant periods:
1. until 1950, the countries of the entire South America continent were destinations for European immigrants as was mentioned mainly from Southern part of the old continent.
2. starting around 1960 the significant part of the migrants came from countries of South america, they move especially to the developed countries such as United States, Canada and Spain are.
3. over a past decades was developed moderate but steadily increasing trend of inter-regional migration. Among countries, that received the migrans belonged Argentina, Venezula and
Moreover, the document also helps visualize the linking of the regions in which national markets emerged, as well urbanization and industry expansion. To extend on this idea, immigration grew alongside industry expansion. For more land became accessible for sale, which was an advantage to those whom jobs (like those building railroads or working in companies near them) called for them to live near. Although the most convenient way to transport goods was using the railroad, it also worsened the economic hardship that farmers had, for the prices that they had to pay to export their goods, were quite elevated.
During the period between 1700 to 1900 there were many changes in long distance migration patterns across the globe as well as aspects of migration that remained the same. Throughout this time period, long distance migrations from eastern regions such as Europe and Africa to the America’s remained a consistent trend, as well as the motivation for migrating. While these things remained constant, changes during the time period occurred in diversity of the peoples migrating due to slave trade across the Atlantic being banned and indentured servitude becoming an opportunity for people from places other than Africa to immigrate to the Americas.
Northerners- British who migrated to the US settled in Virginia and Maryland and they came in as indentured servants. After the independence, their migration the US slow because America didn’t approve of their government. When Scotland suffered a severe economic depression in 1921, about 1.5 million Scots migrated to the US and many were professional and skills laborers. Many Scotch-Irish migrated to the US in the 18th century due to economic depression brought on by textile slump in Ireland. many also migrated due to religious freedom and farming. It is estimated that about 1 billion people from Francs migrated to the US religious persecution and economic opportunity.
c) Ice-free valleys opened and immigrants reached the far tip of South America; by the time Europeans arrived in 1492, there were about 54 million people in the two continents.
In what years did the primary waves of migration from this place, come to America?
There are many reasons why people migrate to other countries. In China, the main reason is problems with the government. Many Chinese students graduate from college and migrate to other countries due to the government being very difficult and radical. In China businesses must reapply for their license every 3 years and sometimes they’re afraid that it will not be reassigned to them. This has become a major cause for entrepreneurs to leave China and bring their businesses oversea to another country.
Many people from all over the world saw America as a place to create a better life for them and their family. America was a place full of many job opportunities, ones that were not available anywhere else in the world. It was in America that people from different nations saw the chance to escape the place they originally lived because of unfair government or as a chance to have money to send back to their family in their homeland. The period after the civil war was an era of tremendous migration from southern and eastern Europe as well as from China, because of all the opportunities that were available here that were not available anywhere else. Migration was also prominent within America when African Americans
In the late 1800s, people from other countries across the world choose to leave their homes and move to the United States. United States was seen as the land of economic opportunity at this time because of famine, land and job shortages, and rising taxes in their countries. Many others desired personal freedom or to escape political and religious persecution. Between 1870 and 1900, over 12 million immigrants arrived in hopes of a promising future. The majority of these immigrants were from England, Ireland, and Germany. Immigrants from Europe commonly entered from ports on the East Coast and settled nearby. However, there were a few immigrants who were attracted by lands for farming and moved inland.
Beginning after World War II, another major force – the mechanization of agriculture – also contributed to the northward migration.
The global mobility of human resources between countries is a key driving force of the currently ongoing economic and regional development all over the world. It is indisputable that the immigration of international labour force would exert many positive and important impacts on the economic, cultural and social structure of both migrant-receiving and migrant-sending countries. Actually, the trend of temporary and permanent immigrants increasing in some western countries began to gain momentum in recent years. Organization for Economic Cooperation Development (OECD 2004) reports indicated that there were more than 1 million new immigrants in the United States in 2001 and 2002, increased by 25% from 2000; in some European countries
Now that one has examined the circumstances of Latin American immigration, one can now evaluate the impact on the economy and culture, which in part is related to people’s approval or disapproval of Latin American immigration. One of the foremost benefits of immigration is that it lowers the cost of
Although Immigration is a complex topic with many different factors, the most common reason for immigration is poverty and the hopes of building a new future elsewhere. In the past migration was largely caused by the fore-mentioned issue of poverty, social strife, war, or other political conflicts. As of today these things are still issues and in some cases political asylum does play part in immigration decisions. Globalization is defined as the tendency for business, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world. Globalization is also a major factor in the decisions made before immigration, often times families and friends will eventually re-unite in one region in order to remain together. Living in a more technical world with an advanced society has brought us to the point we are at today, a nearly global community with more in common than in any century before. With the beginning of modern technology in the 1900’s came a more closely knit world, with more communication than what was seen in the past.
Several economic social and environmental reasons are behind the migration. The economic migration resulted in order to find a new job or to pursue a particular career. The social migration could be happened to move closer to the family or friends for better quality of life. Political migration could be happened because of war or other political tension. The environmental conditions such as
In this respect, it is worthy of mention that such a situation with the migration is the result of the recent trend in the world economy which is characterized by processes which are generally called globalization. The process of globalization is overwhelming and involves practically all countries of the world with rare exceptions which
-To determine if people with higher educational level are more likely to migrate than those with primary level of education.