International Organizations: OPANAL

As in any other Treaty a verification and transparency regime was set up to have compliance by both the United States and Russian administration to meet the treaty’s limitations. Verification control included in site inspection, data exchange, maintain records of location, numbers and characteristics of the weapons that is limited by the treaty. The purpose of in site inspection of the nuclear facilities, weapon arsenal storage and sharing of the data recordings as indicated in the Treaty is to place a transparency and establish trust in the intentions between the US and Russian governmental parties. This would show willingness that both parties working to comply with the Treaty and carry further progress in reduction of the nuclear weapons stock.

Kenneth Waltz is a renowned international theorist who has a neorealism view. Waltz believes that nuclear weapons can be seen as a positive thing. In the book he is associated with the belief that “more may be better.” He talks about states creating their own sense of security to ward off internal and

Libya, another nation that was considered an immediate threat for the United Nations because of their nuclear development plans had recently promised to end their bombing-make labors and the American government state that “ The Success of [Their] mission in Libya underscores the success of this administration’s broader nonproliferation efforts around the world” . However of those two rogue nations North Korea is considered to be a bigger danger since unstable treaty which ended the Korean War didn’t eliminate the hostilities between the authoritarian regime of North Korean and the United States. Nevertheless, on 1994 Bill Clinton signed a treaty with North Korea that ended their plutonium production in exchange of energy supplies from the United States. This agreement ended when on October 2002, the assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs, James A. Kelly, visited North Korea and stated that the visit was “frank but useful” and “raised, in a frank manner, our concerns on a full range of issues, including weapons of mass destruction, missile-development programs, missile exports, North Korea's threatening conventional force posture, human rights failings and the dire humanitarian situation.” Right after this, North Korea Withdrew form the Non Proliferation Treaty and was kicked out from the United Nations and expanded their

Since the invention of nuclear weapons, they have presented the world with a significant danger, one that was shown in reality during the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. However, nuclear weapons have not only served in combat, but they have also played a role in keeping the world peaceful by the concept of deterrence. The usage of nuclear weapons would lead to mutual destruction and during the Cold War, nuclear weapons were necessary to maintain international security, as a means of deterrence. However, by the end of the Cold War, reliance on nuclear weapons for maintaining peace became increasingly difficult and less effective (Shultz, et. al, 2007). The development of technology has also provided increasing opportunities for states

Nuclear weapons pose a direct and constant threat to people. Not even close from keeping the peace, they breed fear and mistrust among nations. These ultimate instruments

Given the progress of globalization, international security has become an entailment that all countries must work on in order to guarantee the perennity of world peace. However, this quietude is threatened by the growing menace of nuclear proliferation. Canada, as a party to the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) since 1969, leads anti-proliferation campaigns to ensure global disarmament.

The Department of State, as the force political arm of the United States, is accountable for the trading of atomic arms control understandings, amidst which it works practically, if not in light of current circumstances warmly, with the main up to now conferred Defense Department and military forces. Inside of the Department of State is the Office of the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security, which has essential commitment with respect to the trading of assertions convincing or banning certain sorts of

However, it is true that wars have to be cruel, or people will like it. On July 1, 1968, Treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons opened for signature in Washington, Moscow, London, there were 59 countries signed up to join. The purpose of the Treaty was to prevent nuclear proliferation, promoting nuclear disarmament and promoting international cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The Treaty entered into force in March 1970. As of January 2003, a total of 186 States parties to the Treaty. There are 11 article provides in total, main content is, has nuclear national shall not to any directly or indirectly transfer nuclear weapons or nuclear explosion device, not help manufacturing nuclear weapons; seedless country guarantee not developed, and not accept and not seeks gets nuclear weapons; stop the nuclear arms race, promoted nuclear disarmament; put peace nuclear facilities placed International Atomic Energy institutions of international guarantees. As President Obama stated in Berlin in 2013, the United States is prepared to negotiate further nuclear reductions with Russia of up to one-third in the deployed strategic warhead levels established in the New Start

One example of one such alliance is the International Nuclear Regulators Association (INRA), this alliance is between nine different countries who have all have a complete nuclear arsenal (NRC). These regulations prevent the misuse of a nuclear weapon, and helps hold countries responsible for proper care and servicing of nuclear weapons, as to prevent disasters like the one that occurred in Russia. All this oversight and the number of preventive measures makes nuclear weapons the safest, weapons of mass destruction can be. Even new countries who are attempting to enter the nuclear field are met with stiff resistance, like what Iran is facing when it publicly stated that it had an intention to build and nuclear arsenal. All this regulation occurred only after the use of nuclear bombs on other countries, and the standoff between the United States and The Soviet Union. New weapons have not been used as much on such a large scale thus countries are not aware of their true

I disagree with Kenneth Waltz’s position that nuclear proliferation makes the world a safer place, and how best to measure the spread of nuclear weapons, particularly in regimes that are developing, unstable, or “third-world.”1 While some scholars see nuclear weapons as a threat to stability and peace due to their mass destruction capability and the potential for horrific fallout triggered by ethnic and geopolitical instability, others see those weapons as holding the power to maintain an appropriate balance of power between opposing regimes at times of tension and during periods of low level conflict. This debate is reflected in international relations.

Non-Proliferation policy derives from the Non-Proliferation treaty, “it is an international treaty with the objective to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament”(UNODA) . First signed in 1968, the treaty officially began in 1970. as agreed in the treaty, after 25 years there was a meeting which concluded with the extension of the Non proliferation treat indefinitely. The treaty has open knowledge of 5 states holding nuclear-weapons and of their exact quantities they are; the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, China and France these are also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. The Non proliferation treaty is split into two articles. Article 1 with regard to the nuclear positive states and their agreements, Article 2 states the course for the Non nuclear states.

“ Here is a task truly of, by and for the world, one that should rally nations. The nature of this task however, must be clearly understood; only then can suitable means for accomplishing it be formulated, only then can the role that the United Nations could and should play be appreciated” ( Wilcox/Haviland, 29). There are many international organizations that have been talked about throughout this semester. One of the most important ones is The United Nations. The United Nations was established October 24, 1945, and has since then been impacting the country. The United Nations main purpose according to the lecture notes is “ to provide a global additional structure through which states can sometimes settle conflicts with less reliance on the use of force , for whole purpose of the United Nations is to provide the globe a forum by which countries may settle disputes through this forum peacefully as opposed to relying on a force which has been the case historically” ( Kopalyan, Module 8). Thus meaning The United Nations was set up to handle problems peacefully rather than going to war to try and solve problems. “Powerful economic as well as political forces are at work to bring about a growing integration of the world community, and the United Nations and its related agencies are uniquely fitted to assist in the task” (Wilcox/Haviland,45). This was some of the reason that the United Nations was created.

In the article, “No Nukes,” Steve Coll, the author, talks of the problem that is worldwide affecting the existence of nuclear affairs, the controversy of the problem, and the downfall of the Global Nuclear-Nonproliferation Regime. With the discussion presented in the article on nuclear affairs, Coll clearly solidifies his position on the subject of the abolition of nukes and makes powerful, argumentative cases, backed up with opinions and facts, for his point of view. Through the citing of the well known figures, in the form of ethos, factual evidence that focuses on foreign affairs and danger, and strong use of words that show strong emotion, Steve Coll constructs a respective, persuasive article in hopes to change some of the audience's views on nukes.

As well within OPANAL Mexico pushed forward a resolution that calls on member states to implement the recommendations of the UN Study on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Education and to continue the task of disseminating the essence and importance of Tlatelolco Treaty. In a subsequent resolution of OPANAL, the General Conference expressed its satisfaction with the work done by the organization in the matter of DNPE and calls the General Secretary of the organization to continue with the diffusion of the treaty within civil society and academic institutions as a way of contributing with peace education. But due to financial restrictions some of the activities in the field as the course The Nuclear Challenge had to be postponed. Mexico has play a relevant role in the working group which seeks to review and analyze the future implementation on educational activities through OPANAL, and further more in recent years has complemented OPANAL work and even filled the vacuum left by the regional organization in the matter of DNPE.

Since its inception in 1953 the IAEA has pursued programmes or has provided services to support the international community, in keeping with the UN Charter the agency operates and functions to promote peace and international cooperation, and is in line with UN policy in furthering the establishment of global disarmament via safeguards. This is done by utilizing its functions, such as promoting and facilitating research; advancing and applying practical and peaceful application of atomic technologies around the globe; instituting and administering safeguards to warrant against the use of assisted advancement from being used towards military purposes; enacting safeguards upon relevant actors at the request of member