Internetworking Using Tcp/Ip: Part 2

But how does it work? The internet, based on the concept of “packet switching”, involves the travelling of small packets of data over one or more networks (Frenzel, 2013). This can be compared to “electronic postcards”, meaning that “a computer generates a piece of data and flings it into the net, just like the postal system, except 100 million times faster” (Cerf, 2013). This concept allows one computer to speak to many different computers around the network by sending out these “electronic postcards”. However, before these networks can work seamlessly together, they must use a common protocol, or set of rules for transmitting and receiving these packets of data. There are several protocols currently in use, including the OSI Model, the TCP/IP Model, UDP, HTTP, and FDP (Mitchell, 2014), but the most commonly used is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (Gilmer, 2011). Even as early as 1977, TCP/IP was being used by other networks to link to ARPANET (Kozierok,

pieces. The data packet is sent to a gateway computer which either recognizes the address

135.46.57.14 in binary is 10000111.00101110.00111001.00001110. Again the prefix points us to one of the Interfaces, so we take the 22 MSB's, or 10000111.00101110.00111000.00000000. Back to decimal, this is 135.46.56.0, which points to Interface 0, so that’s where it is routed.

The internet layer is built up of four core protocols: IP, IGMP, ICMP and ARP. Internet protocol (IP) is responsible for routing, IP addressing and breakdown/reassembly of data packets, address resolution protocol (ARP) is responsible for mapping an IP address to a device on the local network, internet control message protocol (ICMP) provides diagnostic information and error reports on lost packets, internet group management protocol (IGMP) controls who receives IP datagrams in a single transmission. The transport layer is built up of two core protocols: TCP and UDP. Transmission control protocol (TCP) sequences and acknowledges packets sent and their recovery when lost in transmission allowing the computer to make and maintain network conversations where applications exchange data, defined as a connection-oriented protocol meaning the connection is maintained until the programs has finished exchanging data. User datagram protocol (UDP) This is used to transfer small amounts of data when the use of error correction isn’t needed increasing the speed of the transmission, common in multi-player video games as the user will not need to receive packets of past events in the game so the error correction featured in (TCP) would be

In general, on the internet, every packet follows 5 layers of structures (Application, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical). Since I have to talk about Connection-Oriented and Connectionless as a service, I will focus on the Transport layer because they are part of this layer. It allows multiple applications to use one network connection simultaneously, the layer will create ports on your computer allowing them to be reserved and used by the Application layer. Let's say that port 3600 will be used to send a message to port 80 of some other computer, whenever the port is ready to send a message, it passed on to Transport layer. In this layer, it wraps the message inside the Segment which contains some additional

Remember the internet works with ACL or access control list, allowing for the possible for a person to reach Google without being a part of the same subnet. There is a common method UDP host punching. UDP hole punching is a commonly used technique employed in network address translator (NAT) applications for maintaining User Datagram Protocol (UDP) packet streams that traverse the NAT. NAT traversal techniques are typically required for client-to-client networking applications on the Internet involving hosts connected in private networks, especially in peer-to-peer, Direct Client-to-Client (DCC) and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) deployments. UDP hole punching establishes connectivity between two hosts communicating across one or more network address translators. Typically, an application, when it sets up direct communications between two or more communicating hosts choosing to use a third-party host on the public transit network by using a UDP port. Usually normal communications traffic or when there is no significant traffic keep-alive packet traffic usually consisting of empty UDP packets ore packets with minimal non-intrusive content enable once port state keep the port states open. A common example of programs which use UDP hole punching consist of Team

Packets also known as frames are grouped amounts of data that are sent across a network. However, packets differ from frames in that a packet contains that data to be sent, including the source and destination Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. A frame is packet that contains the data, the source and destination IP addresses, Media Access Control (MAC) source and destination addresses, and error checking. The MAC addresses are added at the beginning of the data also known as a header. An error checking code is also added to the end of the data which is referred to as a trailer. After the packet has been “framed”, the frame is then sent over the networking medium (i.e. Ethernet cable).

Stream identifiers identify what stream a packet belongs to; class identifier identifies a transmitter and the information and packet classes. The timestamp fields are used to precisely specify the reference point of time for the transmission of the first packet [14]. The trailer is an optional part of the structure that can be used to enable other processes, as well as indicate states and events [14]. For the project these optional fields are disregarded.

Limoncell, T. A., Hogan, C. J., & Chalup, S. R. (2007). The Practice of System and Network Administration, Second Edition. Addison-Wesley Professional.

There are two types of Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Some of the features that UDP possesses that are not provided by TCP/IP. First, UDP is a connectionless protocol (No handshake), which means packets sent from one node to another without making sure whether any packet may be lost during the transfer. TCP, on the other hand, makes sure to establish a connection in order to send the packets from one node to another without losing any packets. It is also known as handshake process, where nodes synchronize (SYN),

Multicast addresses allow a source device to send a packet to a group of devices. Devices that belong to a multicast group are assigned a multicast group IP address.

The internet matured in the 1970's as a result of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which is sill used today. It was adopted by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1980, and universally adopted in 1983. The usage of TCP/IP is what unites all elements of the net. Both public domain and commercial implementations of the roughly one hundred protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suite became available in the 1980's. During the early 1990's, Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocol implementations also became available by the end of 1991, the Internet has grown to include some 5,000 networks in over three dozen countries, serving over 700,000 host computers used be over 4,000,000 people. By December 1996, about 627,000 Internet domain names had been registered and now there are more than 30 million registered.

What is IPv4? IPv4 is a 32-bit address used for communication between nodes using the TCP/IP protocol. The IPv4 address is broken into 4 octets each 8 bits long in binary and are broken into 5 different classes. Class A addresses start out where the first octet of the IP address ranged from 1-127 where 10 is reserved from private IP addresses. Class B addresses start out with 128 - 191 and has the 172.16.x.x to 172.31.x.x reserved from private IP addresses. Next is class C addresses that range from 192 - 223 in the first octet where 192.168.x.x is reserved from private IP addresses. Class D addresses range from 224 -239 in the first octet and are reserved from multicasting network traffic. Finally we have class E that range from 240 - 255 in the first octet and is reserved for experimental purposes ("IPv4," 2016).

The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.

3. Literature ReviewBroadcast Address Broadcast address is a reserved address that is for sending message and data packets to all machines on the network segment. A broadcast address is a MAC destination address of all machines. But, in Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), broadcast are not supported. Generally IPv6 sends a multicast message to each machines on the network segment. ICMPv6 Internet Control Message Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) is an enhancement from ICMP for Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). ICMPv6 is a standard internet protocol that is used to send error messages. ICMP is used by network devices such as routers. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) DDoS is one of the cybercrime attacks that will flood the victim’s traffic and slow down the victim’s computer or service. DDoS that used a broadcast address to get a respond from the entire machine on the network segment. (Abhishek Singh, 2205), a