Interpreting Anomaly, Illusion In Reasoning

In the podcast named "Why seeing (the Unexpected) is often not believing", it discusses about the experiment of psychologist named Chris Chabris. He was interested in a crime case of police man named Kenneth Conley in January of 1995. The crime happened when the police received a call about an officer was shot by four blacks man. While the police were chasing the suspect, four suspects jumped out the car and ran to the different direction, the police named Micheal Cox jumped out and chased the suspect. Cox is an black and undercover officer who worked in the gang unit which meant he did not wear uniform on that day. A group of officers got the wrong direction, they thought Cox was one of four suspects and started to beat Cox. Conley got out

One of the hottest topics that modern science has been focusing on for a long time is the field of artificial intelligence, the study of intelligence in machines or, according to Minsky, “the science of making machines do things that would require intelligence if done by men”.(qtd in Copeland 1). Artificial Intelligence has a lot of applications and is used in many areas. “We often don’t notice it but AI is all around us. It is present in computer games, in the cruise control in our cars and the servers that route our email.” (BBC 1). Different goals have been set for the science of Artificial Intelligence, but according to Whitby the most mentioned idea about the goal of AI is provided by the Turing Test. This test is also called the

Turing, a physicalist, believed that artificial intelligence could be achieved in the future. Turing argued that the mind was merely due to the physical aspects of the brain and so a machine could one day be created that has a mind of its own, i.e. artificial intelligence. He created a test called the Turing Test to determine whether a machine has artificial intelligence. In the Turing Test, an interrogator asks two subjects a series of questions. One of the subjects is a person, the other is the computer. The goal is for the person to imitate a computer and the computer to imitate the person. If the interrogator is fooled into thinking that the computer is the human then the computer, according to Turing, is concluded to have the ability to think and thus, have a mind. Turing argued that machines passing the Turing Test were sufficient for ascribing thought.

Intelligence tests are inaccurate to measures true ability of a person because genes affect how a person responds to their surroundings, the tests cannot measure the person biological makeup or his true potential for being “smart”.

This assignment is going to be an evaluation of how the Strange Situations procedure is useful to our understanding of attachment, specifically focusing on the work of Mary Ainsworth, who is probably best known for her elaboration on the work of John Bowlby and attachment theory, and evaluating how her work has proved crucial in developing other research surrounding the subject.

There are three mechanisms that clarify why generalizations still exit even when people are given stereotype-inconsistent information. These mechanisms are illusory correlation, confirmation bias and last one is subtyping. Illusory correlation can prompt generalizations even within the sight of disconfirming data, because of the propensity of individuals to see a connection between occasional occasions and negative occasions. Since generalizations are frequently about minority gatherings and in light of the fact that negative occasions are normally rare, this type of connection can prompt the upkeep of negative assessments of minority gatherings. The supposition that there is a connection between two variables when there is either none or

Blaze Dunn is perfect. His charisma charms all of those around him. His extensive knowledge on any conceivable subject impresses even the most highly esteemed thinker. He exudes poise, well-kempt and elegant from head to toe. The most impressive quality about his perfection, however, is the organicity of it. Or so it seems. To the naked eye, Blaze was born with the world wrapped around his finger. But to someone with inside information, it becomes abundantly clear that Blaze’s “perfection” is an optical illusion. Blaze lets his compulsive need to appear flawless to those around him overpower his conscience, as he will achieve so-called perfection by any means necessary.. When Alan adopts all of Blaze’s qualities, admirable and otherwise, the

“b) (2 points) Why (at the computational level) might we experience this illu-sion/interpretation? What implicit assumption about the world is made by your brain? What is a benefit of this illusion/interpretation?”

The assumption is that the person is capable of understanding Chinese, simply because he can manage to assemble a set of answers to questions that would be indistiquishable from a person who speaks Chinese. The problem is that the person in the room does not understand any of the answers, but is simply following instructions. Searle utilizes a system’s ability to pass the Turing test as a parameter in the study, though the person would still indeed not understand Chinese. Searle proceeds to refute the claims of strong AI one at a time, by positioning himself as the one who manipulates the Chinese symbols. The first claim is that a system, which can pass the Turing test, understands the input and output. Searle replies that as the "computer" in the Chinese room, he gains no understanding of Chinese by simply manipulating the symbols according to the formal program, in this case being the complex rules. (Searle, 1980) It was not necessary for the operator to have any understanding of what the interviewer is asking, or the replies that produced. He may not even know that there is a question and answer session going on outside the room.

Through this piece of evidence it is established that even though the machines argue logically they cannot argue properly without warming up their brain plates. Their brain plates are not perfect though they call themselves superior to man. Though they are intelligent they will always be dependent on human intelligence because the humans are the ones that created them.

There is a whole other world beyond our own-- psychologically, scientifically, and metaphysically to some. I believe that the world we think we know is limited. Versus 'reality, where the world we know may or may not be the reality. The possibilities are endless as to the world we know of as fiction or non-fiction. Since I was a child, understanding the world was a Brobdingnagian part of my life. Now, I gather as much information as I can by reading, watching documentaries, and asking those who truly know and understand the information. Physics, Archaeology, and Anthropology have technically been my one-way ticket to understanding the world around me-- and those that inhabit it. Although my hobbies surround the arts, I have interest in the

The only thing in my life that I can be positive about is change. Everything changes, from the moment we’re born to the moment we die. Reality has many twist and turns, and our perception of reality is what shapes us to become who we are. Our life is spent on deciphering the difference between reality and not reality. This is hard to define because reality is unique to each individual.

They allow intelligent systems flexibility and a logical way to update their database of knowledge. The appeal of probability theories in AI lies in the way they express the qualitative relationship among beliefs and can process these relationships to draw conclusions (Pearl, 1988).

Alan Turing was a famous British mathematician and computer scientist who was determined to prove that machines at some point (possibly sometime in the future) would be able to surpass humans in intelligence levels. In order to prove this true, he created what became to be known as, “The Turing Test.” This test was basically to see if a computer could trick a person into believing that it was human. It would be asked a series of questions, which would be compared to responses of the human. It was designed so that one could judge the intelligence level of the computers’ responses. Turing believed that if a human could not tell the difference between another human and a computer, then it served as proof that a computer is equally intelligent as a human. Due to a large

Through the pursuit of a greater understanding of the known universe, our forefathers encountered patterns and anomalies which, through their extensive study, they were able to further their understanding of the universe which so intrigued them. Patterns are a reliable sample of traits, tendencies, or other observable characteristics of a person, group or institution. They are a combination of qualities, acts or tendencies that form a consistent or characteristic arrangement. Their counterparts, Anomalies are irregularities. They are a deviation from the common rule, type, arrangement or form. In other words, they are deviations from what is considered to be the norm, socially or scientifically. Patterns and anomalies have occurred within several instances in history. Dating back to the study of the heliocentric (the earth is round) nature of our planet by the famous Italian mathematician, physicist, philosopher and astronomer Galileo, man has always had a deep interest in the pursuit of knowledge to further our understanding of the natural world. And even as far back as the 17th century, patterns and anomalies had begun to arise and would later shape the way knowledge is gathered. Within Theory of Knowledge, patterns and anomalies have also occurred in the pursuit of knowledge. But first, what is this enigma we know to be knowledge. Knowledge can be said to be the fact or state of knowing; the perception of fact or truth; clear and certain mental apprehension. It is the