Interstitial Cystitis Syndrome

On later reflection I realized I could have though about interstitial cystitis, appendicitis and renal calculi. My multiple hypotheses for this patient are presented in Table 1.

Anticholinergics are used to address an overactive bladder and can be helpful with urge incontinence. Mirabegron is used to treat urge incontinence, it relaxed the bladder muscle which can increase the amount of urine the bladder can hold it may also assist with emptying the bladder more completely. Alpha blockers used in men with urge or overflow incontinence, this helps relax the bladder neck muscles and the fiber muscles in the prostate making it easier to empty the bladder. Topical estrogen comes in the form of a cream, a ring or a patch that may help tone and rejuvenate the tissue of urethra and vaginal areas. Factors that increase the risk of incontinence are gender; women are more likely to have incontinence due to pregnancy, childbirth, menopause and normal anatomy of the female body. Men with prostate problems can have incontinence issues as well. Age, as we get older, the muscles of the bladder become weaker and the amount of urine the bladder can hold decreases. Being overweight puts pressure on the bladder and surrounding muscles which weakens them. Other diseases such as neurological and diabetes may increase the risk of incontinence. A simple UTI is treated with a common antibiotic usually given for one to seven days depending on the amount and type of bacteria in the urine. Frequent UTI’s may require low-dose antibiotics for six months or more,

with diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of IC patients. With this in mind, I feel my research can help in getting the word out there about IC/PBS, and Chronic Pelvic Pain (CPP).

The four specific databases that were used in this research are, Cinahl, Medline, Joanna Briggs and Cochrane Library. All of these databases were chosen because they provided up to date peer reviewed evidence that was relevant to the search terms. This ensures that the evidence that was found was relevant and reliable. The Cinahl website was useful to gather background information on the topic such as how a UTI is contracted and how it effects the body. The Cochrane Library and Medline website was useful to because it gave specific information on studies that had already been done by other researchers. This helped to ensure that the study that is being undertaken was searching for the right results.

Mr. Davy Jones is a 60-year-old man that presents incontinence, nocturia, difficulty urinating, and a weak stream when urinating. The patient visited the clinic on 03/01/2017 after experiencing these issues for approximately two months. He is experiencing fatigue with not being able to achieve adequate sleep during the night due to nocturia. He is complaining of bladder always feeling full after voiding. Patient has had multiple UTI’s that was treated with antibiotics and was successful with medicinal treatment.

On February 20, 2018 the claimant was treated by Dr. Robert Lai for urge and stress incontinence. She reported an excellent response to Myrbetriq with respect to urgency but still had issues with stress urinary incontinence. Surgery was discussed with the claimant but she chose pelvic floor physical therapy first (Ex.

Chlamydia can inflict pain when urinating and affect the reproductive organs (kidshealth, n.d) in both male and female. Chlamydia could lead to a long-term disease in the testicles and infertility in females. (Australian Government, 2013)

A visit note from Dr. Robert Hendren (Urology), dated 09/20/2017, indicated that the claimant continued to have urinary frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence that required her 2 pads per day. She had microscopic hematuria noted on 08/31/2017. She had 3+ blood on urinalysis during the visit, but she had been undergoing her menstrual period. She had complaints of pain in the stomach, left arm, right leg, and foot. Urinalysis showed moderate blood with 30+ protein. Her BMI was 32.12. She was diagnosed with urge incontinence and hematuria. Cystoscopy was recommended.

Patient C.B. is a 32 –year-old African American female, G2P2 who came to clinic with complaint of burning and frequency with urination and foul odor urine that she said began four days ago.

Ingham, R. J., Ingham, J. C., Bothe, A. K., Wang, Y., & Kilgo, M. (2015, May 01). Efficacy of

The article “Considering the prominent complaint as a guide in medical therapy for overactive bladder syndrome in women over 45 years” that Sarah wrote about was interesting. One questions that comes to mind would what was the existing symptoms that the women had from mild, moderate or severe incontinence before the treatment and how did the medication help with those different severity levels of incontinence? Also what is the effect that different ethnic backgrounds experience different symptoms from the medications? To figure out the first question we would need to separate the women into 3 different groups and within those groups we would separate them into the two different medication groups to find out it the medications help depending

T.M. was admitted to the sub-acute unit for an UTI. UTI is usually cause by an organism called Escherichia coli. Risk factors for UTI in males can be bladder stones, kidney stones, an enlarge prostate, catheter use, or bacterial prostatitis. Some of the symptoms of UTI are burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination, fever, chills, foul smelling urine, urine retention, and lethargy. T.M. has a diagnosis of BPH and repeated history of UTI which increase his risk for UTI. A short-term goal will be that the patient will be display no UTI sign of symptoms. A long-term goal will be that the patient will demonstrate behavioral techniques to prevent future UTI. To accomplish these goals, the patient should be encouraged to void every 2 to

HPI: Mary reports burning upon urination and a feeling extreme itchiness and ‘uncomfortable in that area’.

As reported by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention( CDC) indwelling urinary catheter is a catheter inserted into the bladder and remain in the bladder for the purpose to drain urine after a surgical procedure, urinary retention or incontinence. Globe, et, al. (1989) stated that urinary bladder catheterisation could produce macroscopic and microscopic histological changes in the bladder tissues due to the eosinophilic inflammatory response. The severity of that inflammation is according to the duration of the indwelling catheter in the bladder; therefore, it is important to follow the appropriate guidelines that would decrease Catheter-Associated Urinary tract infection (CAUTI). Guidelines established by CDC minimize the duration

Inflammation of the lower urinary tract is a relatively common type of inflammation that occurs frequently in people while the casues remain unclear. Animal models of lower urinary tract inflammation have proven to be useful for investigators to study the underlying mechanisms and options for supressing relevant symptoms. Cystitis model induced by intravesical instillation of chemical irritants, including cyclophosphamide and acrolein, is one of the most commonly used experimental model to explore mechanisms underlying pain