Intestinal Milleu Case Summary

Ms. Le is a 25 year-old female, with a height of 5’0” and weights 160 lbs. She described herself as not very active who does not regularly exercise and consumes a high amount of fast food and a few alcoholic beverages weekly. She is currently taking prescription medication called Caziant as a contraceptive and moderately takes ibuprofen for headaches and heartburns. She has a medical history of vomiting, heartburn, chest pains, and sever tooth erosion. Due to the many examinations that Ms. Le underwent such as the endoscopy and ph-monitoring test, she was diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease also known as GERD.

by the inflamation and infection that is occuring in his sigmoid colon, located in the

Mr. Howard, a 57-year-old man, had a 3-month history of progressive typical anginal chest pain. He reported that the symptoms first occurred with heavy exertion and involved what he described as“heaviness” in his chest. The symptoms were promptly relieved with rest. Over the past weeks, he had been experiencing increasingly frequent episodes of chest pain and diaphoresis. The episodes had become more prolonged, and he had experienced one episode of pain occurring at rest after a heavy meal. Mr. Howard was moderately obese and had a 20-year history of hypertension, which was being treated. Other risk factors in Mr. Howard’s history include hypercholesterolemia (350 mg/dL), which he was attempting to treat with dietary modifications, and a 30-year two-pack-a-day smoking history which continued up to the present time. Mr. Howard previously had surgery for a bilateral inguinal hernia repair, cholecystectomy, and arthroscopic surgery on his left knew. He also gave a history of problems with gastric reflux and was currently taking cimetidine (Tagamet).

Cells move from the blood into the intestines and produce inflammation which is a normal immune system response. The inflammation does not subside, leading to chronic inflammation, ulceration, thickening of the intestinal wall, and eventually causing patient symptoms.

This condition is characterized by symptoms and complications that result from reflux or back of gastric content into the esophagus that extent also into the oral cavity or even the lungs. Common signs and symptoms of this condition include heartburn( burning/stinging), and does note that radiates to the back such as in the case of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD). Furthermore, other symptoms patients may experience are a chronic cough, bronchospasm, chest pain not related to a cardiomyopathy, hoarseness, early satiety, abdominal fullness, bloating with belching. Complications related to this disorder are closely linked to esophageal ulceration, hematemesis, melena, stricture development(Dains, Baumann, & Scheibel,

1. An ulcer starts by eroding the mucosa of the G.I tract wall. What functions of digestion or reabsorption might be lost if this layer is no longer functional? What functions will be compromised if the ulcer eats through the submucosa and then the muscularis?

I think that an appropriate diagnosis at this time for Cleveland would be a gastric ulcer. The acid inhibitors and antacids were administered to help regulate acid production and to help heal the lining of the stomach.

Foodborne illness is one of the more common illnesses that affects every 1 in 6 Americans each year according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) (cdc.gov). Of those 48 million people, about 128,00 are hospitalized while 3,000 are left dead (cdc.gov). Foods such as: fruits, vegetables, meat and poultry, and shellfish, are the number one causers of foodborne illness. Produce accounted for the highest affecting food group with leafy greens causing more than 46% by the norovirus (https://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/attribution/attribution-1998-2008.html). Poultry accounted for the most deaths with findings of Salmonella and Listeria as the two main bacteria causing agents.

Helicobacter pylori weaken the gastric layer, predispose the stomach to infection which can lead to achlorhydria. “The classic symptoms of GERD are heartburn, acid regurgitation, dysphagia, and belching”( over time cause narrowing and strictures. A person can experience reflux one hour after eating high fatty undigested meals, smoking (nicotine) and alcohol drinking, sore throat and asthma. Pressure on the diaphragm from pregnancy and obesity in male and female increases intra-abdominal pressure exposing the individual to reflux and heartburn. GERD can occur in infants, elderly, and at any age in between. Patient can take antacid (Tums) to neutralize the acidity, H2 blocker (cimetidine, famotidine, or ranitidine) decrease acid production in the stomach and Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) inhibit acid production from gastric parietal cells. Others treatment, Endoscopy of esophagus or stomach, to obtain a biopsies for (precancerous cells), pH monitoring rule out H. pylori infection, looking for edema, erosion, and bleeding. If blood loss is low, replace with

The hindgut is not only a fermentation vat, but it also stimulates immune responses, protects against pathogens, production and neutralization of toxins, and gene expression in host epithelial tissues (Milinovich et al., 2010). The cecal microbiome is extremely sensitive and can be affected by factors like gastrointestinal disease and dietary changes, which can lead to systemic consequences and even death (Costa et al., 2012). Therefore, healthy and balanced microbiota is vital for the overall wellbeing of the animal. By understanding external factors and how they affect the gut microbiota, this could help in diagnosing medical conditions and provide better treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal diseases resulting in

He denied recent changes in weight or appetite. He reported having a sinus infection approximately 6 weeks ago (congestion, sore throat, sinus inflammation). No fever, chills, malaise, chest pain, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, urinary symptoms, joint pain, or back pain. Neurological complaints as per CC and HPI.

Another Idea is that it may be attributed to one’s lifestyle. Since Leaky Gut Syndrome affects the digestive tract, it comes to no surprise that diet plays a huge role in not only treating the condition, but also stopping it from occurring in the first place. Stress also needs to be taken into consideration, since some experts believe that it may also play a role in causing problems with the digestive system. Those in the medical community believe that when taking these two factors into account, it is important to manage them on our own time, since there are no medications that will solve an unhealthy

2. Acidity: pathogens grow best in food with little or no acid (pH between 4.6-7.5)

According to XX, common causes of epigastric tenderness include; gastritis, esophagitis, esophageal spasms, epigastric hernia, GERD, peptic ulcer disease, with or without bleeding, pancreatitis and hiatal hernia. A gastric ulcer is an ulceration or breakdown in the stomach or duodenal lining. The symptoms of a gastric ulcer include dull and burning recurrent abdominal pain in the epigastric region which can be exacerbated by food. Antacids or milk may relieve the pain. In the additional history, it states that the patient describes his pain as burning. The epigastric pain is relieved by eating, especially drinking milk, but returns two hours after eating. In this case scenario, food intake, especially milk is a relieving factor, not an exacerbating factor. The patient history states he denies early satiety, anorexia or weight loss. He states he has had dyspepsia in the past, but his present symptoms are much worse. The factors that damage the gastric mucosal barrier include use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cigarette smoking, glucocorticoids, H. Pylori, alcohol consumption and stress. The patient states he has been taking an NSAID (Tylenol) for two months due to a knee injury. He smokes a pack a day, drinking three mixed drinks a day and has increased stress due to a recent job change. .So, he has many exacerbating factors for the development of a gastric or duodenal ulcer. The bacteria Helicobacter

The integrity of the bowel wall in NEC is compromised, which leads to bacteria entering