Intra Cranial Pressure ( Icp ) Measurements Are Taken Via Invasive Procedures

❑ Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the hydrostatic force measured in the brain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartment. Intracranial Pressure (ICP) is the combination of the pressure exerted by the brain tissue, blood, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The modified Monro- kellie doctrine states that these three components must remain at a relatively constant volume within the closed skull structure.

An untrained 22-year-old male human subject was chosen. A PT-104 pulse plethysmograph was wrapped around his dominant (right) index finger. Connected through a IXTA data acquisition unit, heart rate was monitored on LabScribe. The recordings were measured with ten seconds of leeway at the beginning and end to allow baseline pulse recovery. Digital marks labeled the time interval of the described action. First the subject’s heart rate was measured during a resting phase for twenty seconds. He was encouraged to relax and remain inactive in order to confirm an accurate baseline reading. For the apneic condition, the subject repeated this

A Glasgow Coma Score of 8 or less also is an indication that the patient will need to be intubated soon. Once the tube is placed the ventilation may be useful in controlling the intracranial pressure as an intervention. Hyperventilation is a method used to reduce the carbon dioxide concentration in the vessels causing vasoconstriction which lessens the amount of blood circulating in the brain resulting in a decreased ICP (Zink and McQuillan, 2005). According to Zink and McQuillan, this intervention should only be utilized 24 hours after the initial injury because cerebral blood flow is often reduced at this point and constricting the vessels more may cause ischemia to occur. While using this technique it is important to monitor oxygenation to the brain tissue to assure no irreparable damage is

Traumatic Brain Injury isn’t a true leading cause of death but also represents a financial and personal burden, on the individual and the family. The injury affects all 3 parts within the intracranial space, also includes brain bulk, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), and brain blood volume. Brain bulk increases after water influx to brain tissue or inflammatory response. CSF dynamics can be changed because of communicating hydrocephalus. Brain blood volume within the arterial and venous systems may cause a secondary injury. Also, it says, Intracranial pressure monitoring possibly will be effectively done by the means of an intraventricular catheter, enabling Cerebrospinal Fluid drainage and providing excellent Intercranial Pressure waveforms, facilitating ICP pulse-wave assessment of intracranial compliance.

Intracranial pressure stands as the compression in the inner part of the skull, in the brain tissue, and the cerebrospinal fluid. On the other hand, in a situation whereby the individual has an enormous bleeding, contusion, and brain laceration, which possibly will necessitate surgical interventions. The initial intervention is to physiologically stabilize the patient by monitoring the patient blood pressure and oxygen; given pain medication and complementary oxygen; treating seizures or fever, offering sedation and mechanical support for

My charge nurse informed me that my assignment was to care for an increased intracranial pressure new admission patient. The gentleman was in his early thirties and he came in thought the hospital emergency department after wrecking his motorcycle. This patient was immediately transferred up to my intensive care unit and had family present. I went into the room to get report and my patient’s father constantly interrupted the day shift nurse. He frantically asked what was happening, if there was any hope of survival, and if he should have his son’s care transferred to another hospital. This was all the overwhelming information that happened in the first five minutes of the first portion of my simulation. The second portion of my simulation was on advanced cardiac life support. Though completing the critical care simulation, I learned a major strength and weakness I have as a senior nursing student.

Suspicion of increased ICP is usually based on clinical signs (Tables 2 and 3) and the results of a computed tomography (CT) scan showing significant intracranial mass effect with midline shift or effacement of the basal cisterns. However, in comatose patients with TBI, intracranial hypertension occurs in approximately 10% of patients with normal CT scans; this risk is even higher in patients more than 40 years old, with motor posturing, or with hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg) . If a patient is awake and can follow commands, it is unlikely that ICP is dangerously elevated (11), and the benefits of ventricular drainage or ICP monitoring probably do not outweigh the risks. Careful monitoring of mental status in an ICU will usually suffice in these cases.

In the military setting, wide decompression carries the benefit of reducing malignant brain edema and elevations in ICP in the first several hours after the TBI (intro 15,16). However, the patients with large cranial defects and complex brain injuries remain as a challenge, and the outcome at severe primary or secondary blast injuries of children varies from adult one. Therefore, conclusive evidence of whether it has a beneficial or adverse effect on outcome is lacking (Intro4, trat 9). Children have more shearing and diffuse damage than adults. Even the definition of normal ICP and CPP varies with age (intro19). The differences in bio-structure of children’s brain from adult including more edema, hypotension, cardiac output, and less antioxidative capacity and basement membrane glycoproteins. Better outcome in children would be explained by several factors such as low level of chondrotin sulfate proteoglycan glycoproteins, which is responsible for rigidity and support of parenchyme (intro18,

Colton et al. (2014) research looked at 117 clients who experienced increase intracranial pressure as a result of severe traumatic brain injury. Their research looked at client’s respond to pharmacological interventions and these pharmacological interventions include hypertonic saline, mannitol, propofol, fentanyl, and barbiturate. In their research Colton et al., (2014) found “all treatment resulted in significant intracranial pressure changes after 1 hour or 2 hours except for mannitol and barbiturate administration” (Colton at el., 2014). This finding is significant given that mannitol is used as a first line treatment for management of increased intracranial pressure. The chart below demonstrates how each of these pharmacological interventions decreased intracranial pressure and it allows us to compare each pharmacological intervention to each other. (Colton et al., 2014)

IVH is bleeding of the ventricles in the brain, and can be cured by surgical methods such as reducing hematoma volume. In the current study, the procedure performed is an endoscope evacuation of IVH in people who have obstructive hydrocephalus. The use of endoscopy as a reliable resource tool in the removal of IVH is increasing with developing techniques and devices. Obstructive hydrocephalus is subordinate to hypertensive IVH, which shows that there is a combined study in disease symptoms and pathology. This means there is a likely cause of disease or ailment. If blood clots within the ventricles occurs the procedure is to remove the blood clots and restore CFS, making it possible for the flow go from the ventricles directly to the tissue. Doctors recommend that if a patient has hydrocephalus that they should consider management so that the brain can renew CFS

Raised ICP is recognised as one of the major causes of mortality as well as poor neurologic outcomes (Fink, 2012). It accounts for about half of all deaths associated with TBI (Jagannatha, Sriganesh, Devi, & Rao, 2016).

Fifteen million people worldwide suffer a cerebrovascular accident, or also referred as stroke. Of those fifteen-million, about six million dies and five million are left paralyzed permanently (“Stroke” World of Anatomy, 2007). Depending of the degree of the hemorrhage, surgery is often required to drain and repair the vessels within the brain. The most common method is the craniotomy which removes a portion of the skull and the surgeon removes the blood from the open brain (Knopman, 2015). Researchers and surgeon are slowly administrating and implementing less invasive surgery for an ICH, one of the most notable, the Apollo System. The Apollo aspiration method is a contemporary procedure as it uses the mechanics of a machine to minimally

The effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and electrical activity of the heart were assessed. The measurements of respiration rate, pulse rate and blood pressures were noted as described in Harris-Haller (2016). Data was first taken from subjects in a relaxed position and then followed by sets of reading after exercising based on one minute intervals. The data also noted sitting ECG traces from Harris-Haller (2016). The respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure, P wave, QRS complex and T wave were defined for each subject. The class average was calculated for males and females and graphed to illustrate the results by gender for each cardiopulmonary factor.

Treatment plan for hydrocephalus involves surgery to remove the obstruction or creating a new pathway to divert excess CSF. This procedure can be done by placing a catheter or shunt in the ventricle which will pass the CSF to the peritoneal cavity, right atrium, or the pleural spaces of the lungs (London et al., 2014). The nursing management for these patients are centered around the surgical procedure. Three top nursing diagnosis for the child with hydrocephalus include: (a) impaired physical mobility, (b) risk for infection, and (c) risk for injury. First, in the pre-operative setting the interventions include: (a) small frequent feedings until placed on NPO status, (b) monitor head circumference and signs of ICP, (c) assess respiratory

A blood pressure meter, commonly known as the sphygmomanometer is a device that is used to measure the blood pressure in people. Typically, it is comprised of a cuff that is inflatable that collapses and releases the artery and a mercury manometer that measures the pressure. It was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter Von Basch in 1881, but Scipione Riva-Rocci created a more easily used device, that was later popularized by Harvey Cushing in surgery in the United States.