Intracranial Sinusitis Essay

The article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) that addresses acute otitis media (AOM) is a filtered resource. This article is appropriate for use in nursing practice as it establishes diagnosis and management guidelines for the treatment of AOM. In addition the article recommends treatment options for the symptoms of AOM and addresses the concept of watchful waiting. The is an evidence based guideline as it provides recommendations for practice and was created a systematic review and best clinical research in clinical literature. The Block article, Causative Pathogens,

The infection in Cari’s nasal passages and pharynx was able to spread into her sinuses due to the sinuses being a drainage area for the nasal passages.

A 25 Y/O male present with acute sinusitis. Based on your knowledge, the most likely causative organisms include all of the following except:

This paper explores research on nursing care for a patient at the hospital with an injury to the brain that is being treated for increased pressure buildup in the skull. Two articles were evaluated in an attempt to improve care for an individual suffering from a traumatic brain injury. The articles discussed in this paper defined what diagnostic assessments and data are crucial in detecting changes in the status of a patient with a brain injury who may be suffering from increasing intracranial pressure, as well as defining nursing interventions and techniques which can be utilized in practice to prevent complications. This paper identifies strategies for the nurse to use to prevent the

Acute tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils secondary to an infectious process causing painful swallowing and is more commonly attributed to a viral cause rather than bacterial (Shepherd, 2013). A physical assessment of the tonsils may reveal an increase in size with edema and erythema. This is often associated with upper respiratory symptoms like, headache and cough (Shepherd, 2013). Another diagnosis is pharyngitis. Pharyngitis is also a sore throat which is secondary to inflammation noted at the back of the throat and associated with complaints of pain when swallowing (Shepherd, 2013). Viral pharyngitis is the most common and can be contributed to the rhino or coronavirus which lasts between 5-7 days and presents with associated symptoms like cough, headache, fatigue and mild fever (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). Finally, GABHS or more commonly noted as strep throat is a potential diagnosis. This bacterial infection is most common in children and adolescents. Often individuals present with symptoms including throat pain, fever, chills, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy and exudate noted to tonsils or in the pharyngeal (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). This infectious process in younger children may also present with gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain but is not accompanied by cough or nasal

Otitis Externa is most often caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Acute otitis media can be caused by bacterial or viral pathogens. Some of the pathogens associated with acute otitis media (AOM) include, S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. The common cold or rhinosinusitis is likely caused by rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, and respiratory syncytial virus (Burns, Dunn, Brady, Starr, & Blosser, 2013). Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is a result of the S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, M. catarrhalis and/or B-hemolytic streptococci bacterias. Sore throats or acute pharyngitis is 90 percent of the time caused by a viruse. Bacterial sore throats are often a result of the group A streptococci bacteria. According to Burns et al., 2013, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, groups C and G streptococci, and Arcanobacterium hemolyticum can cause acute pharyngitis. Pathogens that typically cause infections of the tonsils include B-hemolytic streptococci, group D streptococcus, and S. pneumonia (Burns, et al., 2013). The pathogens involved in acute cervical adenitis include B-hemolytic strep, staphylococcus, B. heneslae, viruses, and atypical

Many people don’t realize that sinus conditions can often be treated quite successfully. A careful examination combined with special imaging techniques can reveal the reasons for these sinus conditions. They can be the result of three main problems: allergies and pollutants that thicken the nasal tissues and cause nasal blockage; poor nasal breathing, which can worsen sinus conditions; or closed sinus openings which prevent adequate drainage of the sinuses. The new specialized techniques which have been recently developed use tiny endoscopes, to relieve specific blockage for the nasal passages. The treatment is done as an outpatient and does not require nasal packing. Patients can usually return to work in a few

A deep infected sinus, extending from the skin to the subcutaneous tissues, can frequently mask osteomyelitis and delay healing.

CSF rhinorrhea can be divided in three types: traumatic, iatrogenic, and spontaneous/idiopathic. Traumatic CSF rhinorrhea is caused by injuries to the face and head. Causes of Iatrogenic CSF rhinorrhea includes any surgical manipulation near the skull base. Spontaneous/idiopathic CSF rhinorrhea generally occurs without antecedent causes but is possibly related to elevations in intracranial pressure. While some patients may have CSF rhinorrhea for years without any consequences, others may develop dangerous conditions like bacterial meningitis, brain abscess, or pneumocephalus within days of the onset of the runny nose. Because of the serious potential complications of CSF rhinorrhea, prompt detection, management and repair of all CSF rhinorrhea cases should be attempted. Especially in patient who potentially has CSF rhinorrhea with meningitis symptoms like ever, chills or stiff neck, immediate medical attention is

Pneumocephalus, defined as an accumulation of intracranial air, is a common finding after neurosurgical procedures. However, pneumocephalus is not associated with any symptoms in the vast majority of cases [1, 2]. In addition to neurosurgery, other possible causes of pneumocephalus include craniofacial trauma, infections, and tumors of the skull base. Although is not frequent, spontaneous pneumocephalus has been described as well. By Reasoner et al., 66% of CT scans performed after intracranial surgery showed 5-10% of the volume being occupied by intracranial air with all postoperative scans detecting trace amounts of air [2]. The time required for complete reabsorption of the entrapped air is approximately 2-3

Dr. Andrew Jamison of Sleep Medicine Associates of Texas, states in a briefing available online that 2/3 of CPAP users experience side effects to include rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, nasal/oral drying, epistaxis (bleeding from the nostril or nasal cavity), insufflation of tear ducts, insufflation of middle ear, tympanic membrane rupture, increased intraocular pressure (fluid pressure in the eye), sinus discomfort, difficulty exhaling, cardiac arrhythmias (such as a bradycardia), ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) suppression (a unique hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid

Tonsillitis can be described as the inflammation of the non-encapsulated lymphoid structures, lingual and palatine tonsils. These lymphoid tissues are part of the immune system and are the first line of defence against pathogens in the oral cavity. The palatine and lingual tonsils are located underneath the stratified squamous epithelial mucosa of the tongue and oropharynx. The tonsils’ response to bacterial or viral infections of the epithelial mucosa, e.g. streptococci and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is inflammation and enlargement of the tonsils and antibody responses, largely IgA. Symptoms of tonsillitis include Sore throat and fever.

Intracranial hypertension is the term that is mostly used for all forms of high intracranial pressure. There is one form of intracranial pressure that in the 1890’s a German physician Heinrich Quincke named “pseudotumor cerebri” which describes a neurological disorder that has all the symptoms of a brain tumor but without the presence of an actual brain tumor. This condition is now known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is a condition that occurs when the pressure inside the skull increases for no obvious reason. It seems to occur out of nowhere and without warning which is where we get the word idiopathic which means “relating to or denoting any disease or condition that arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown.” Symptoms of Idiopathic intracranial hypertension includes a severe headache behind the

The surgical indication is given on the basis of medical history and in particular on the basis of frequency of infectious episodes for the following years. Or on the basis of particularly important infections such as tonsillar abscess. The surgery is performed under general

Acute respiratory infections are a major cause of human disease and are one of the most important causes of child mortality throughout the globe. Though there are considerable variations in infantile mortality, according to World Health Organization, the lower respiratory tract infections are the second most important cause of death among children < 5 years of age. (Carolina et al., 2012)