Intracranial Sinusitis

American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians article regarding acute otitis media is a filtered resource. It is an appropriate source for nursing practice because; it establishes clinical guidelines to diagnose and manage AOM. It also establishes guidelines when to treat the signs and symptoms of AOM, watchful waiting, or to treat with an antibiotic. This article is classified as an evidence based guideline because, it reviews multiple research literatures in a systemic manner and provides

This evidence meets the criteria for a filtered source. It was sourced online from the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics and Family Physicians. Specialists from multi medical disciplines assembled to create an integrative systematic study and review of the current evidence- based literature available for the treatment and management of Acute Otitis Media (AOM). The conclusions and findings were utilized to devise guidelines and a practice protocol that recommended early diagnosis and makes

The article from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) that addresses acute otitis media (AOM) is a filtered resource. This article is appropriate for use in nursing practice as it establishes diagnosis and management guidelines for the treatment of AOM. In addition the article recommends treatment options for the symptoms of AOM and addresses the concept of watchful waiting. The is an evidence based guideline as it provides recommendations for practice and was created a systematic review and best clinical research in clinical literature. The Block article, Causative Pathogens,

The infection in Cari’s nasal passages and pharynx was able to spread into her sinuses due to the sinuses being a drainage area for the nasal passages.

Propose how would you minimise the occurrence of hospital acquired infection and monitor degree of success of these measures.

Acute Otitis Media (AOM), inflammation or infection of the middle ear, is an illness most parents have had experience with. Countless hours of lost sleep and worry secondary to their child’s pain and distress can keep even the most seasoned parents awake at night. Before the age of 36 months, 83% of children will experience 1 or more ear infections and AOM is the most common reason for office visits of preschoolers in the United States (Zhou, Shefer, Kong & Nuorti, 2008). The graphic below serves as a review of evidence and explores the usefulness of the information in relation to the option of watchful waiting in the management of AOM.

A 25 Y/O male present with acute sinusitis. Based on your knowledge, the most likely causative organisms include all of the following except:

Infection is a major concern for the child receiving treatment for cancer is the risk for the development of difficulties secondary to treatment. Major complications include fever, bleeding, and anemia. The nurse caring for the child with a fever must be aware of the signs and symptoms of septic shock. If a child with a fever also has an absolute neutrophil count lower than 500/mm3 they are at risk for overwhelming infection, general illness, dehydration, seizures in young infants and children, and the invasion of organisms producing secondary infections. The healthcare team will use blood, stool, urine, and nasopharyngeal cultures and chest x-rays to identify the source of infection. Once an infection is suspected the child will be given a

I have personally seen how fast the symptoms progressed in a 10-month old child whose symptoms started as a regular cough. Next day his body temperature went up to 104 for and kept coming back constantly for couple of days. Cough became painful and started sounding more like wheezing and child could not eat or drink anything. Two separate trips to emergency room resulted in bringing toddler’s fever down, but even with chest x-rays and physical examinations, they were unsuccessful in detecting pneumonia until 911 was called and paramedics detected low oxygen and severe dehydration. I was informed by the admitting hospital physician that without prompt fluids, oxygen and antibiotic treatments, this cold complication may result in child’s

Acute tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils secondary to an infectious process causing painful swallowing and is more commonly attributed to a viral cause rather than bacterial (Shepherd, 2013). A physical assessment of the tonsils may reveal an increase in size with edema and erythema. This is often associated with upper respiratory symptoms like, headache and cough (Shepherd, 2013). Another diagnosis is pharyngitis. Pharyngitis is also a sore throat which is secondary to inflammation noted at the back of the throat and associated with complaints of pain when swallowing (Shepherd, 2013). Viral pharyngitis is the most common and can be contributed to the rhino or coronavirus which lasts between 5-7 days and presents with associated symptoms like cough, headache, fatigue and mild fever (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). Finally, GABHS or more commonly noted as strep throat is a potential diagnosis. This bacterial infection is most common in children and adolescents. Often individuals present with symptoms including throat pain, fever, chills, headache, cervical lymphadenopathy and exudate noted to tonsils or in the pharyngeal (Ruppert & Fay, 2015). This infectious process in younger children may also present with gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain but is not accompanied by cough or nasal

Fahey (2011) presented a case study and review of Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in which a 24 month old female was discussed who presented with symptoms of irritability, increased heart rate, labored breathing, fever, and decreased appetite (Fahey, 2011). A complete history and physical of the patient was performed which disclosed a past medical history of acute otitis media (AOM) diagnosis at 12 and 18 months of age; the patient was treated with antibiotics and her symptoms resolved (Fahey, 2011). This patient attends a group daycare, and her older sibling has recently been diagnosed and is being treated for influenza type A (Fahey, 2011). Suggested differential diagnoses were identified as: upper and lower respiratory tract infection,

Pneumocephalus, defined as an accumulation of intracranial air, is a common finding after neurosurgical procedures. However, pneumocephalus is not associated with any symptoms in the vast majority of cases [1, 2]. In addition to neurosurgery, other possible causes of pneumocephalus include craniofacial trauma, infections, and tumors of the skull base. Although is not frequent, spontaneous pneumocephalus has been described as well. By Reasoner et al., 66% of CT scans performed after intracranial surgery showed 5-10% of the volume being occupied by intracranial air with all postoperative scans detecting trace amounts of air [2]. The time required for complete reabsorption of the entrapped air is approximately 2-3

An MRI indicated inflammation of sulci, a groove in the brain, vascular congestion and cortical edema or fluid on the brain. A spinal tap was obtained from the patient and because of possible pneumococcal meningitis, an intravenous therapy with a combination of a steroid and antibiotics.

In the early morning hours on a Sunday, a worried mother brought in a 22-month old child to the emergency room. The young girl was exhibiting signs of a common cold, including a low-grade fever and runny nose that had been persisting for the last 48 hours. The child also had a hoarse cough and forced, noisy breathing. Her larynx was raw and swollen and she had mucus coating her red throat. Upon examination, the pediatrician also noticed mild inflammation of the ears and cloudy eyes. A rapid Strep test performed on the child came back negative, and a warm vaporizer helped to alleviate her difficulty breathing.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, membranes that surround the brain. This can extend as far as infecting the cerebral spinal fluid on top of causing the tissue to swell. Meningitis comes in two major forms; bacterially and virally. However, having bacterial meningitis is much more severe than viral meningitis. There is a lot more danger in having a bacterial infection within the brain than a viral infection within the brain. What makes bacterial meningitis so lethal is that “even when the disease is diagnosed early and adequate treatment is started, 5% to 10% of patients die, typically within 24 to 48 hours after the onset of symptoms. Left untreated, up to 50% of cases may die, (6) or there