Introduction 2 Corporate governance Requirements………………………………………..………..……………...….3 The link betwwen

Corporate governance in itself has no single definition but common principles which it should follow. For example in 1994 the most agreed term for corporate governance was “the process of supervision and control intended to ensure that the company’s management acts in accordance with the interest of shareholders” (Parkinson, 1994)1. Corporate governance code is not a direct set of rules but a self-regulated framework which businesses choose to follow. This code has continued to change in the past 20 years in accordance with what is happening in the business world. For example the Enron scandal caused reform in corporate governance with the Higgs Report which corrected the issues which were necessary. Although it does not quickly fix problems, it gives a better framework to

In order to ensure effective regulation, the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation contains eleven sections that describe responsibilities of corporate boards (Engel, Hayes, & Wang, 2007). In case these responsibilities are not performed, criminal penalties are applied. The need for stricter financial governance laws created the global trend and such countries as Canada, Germany, France, Australia, Israel, Turkey and others also enacted the same type of regulations (Damianides, 2005). Today, the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation continues to play a fundamental role in the process of protecting the rights of investors and supporting a high level of investment attractiveness of the United States and companies that operate in the country. That is why this particular legislation can be considered as extremely benefiting for the national economy as well as investors.

Phenomenal growth of interest in corporate governance has emerged in recent years. The body of literature on the subject has grown markedly in response to successive waves of large corporate failures. Furthermore, there have been numerous attempts to define what constitutes ‘good corporate governance’ and to provide guidelines in order to enhance the quality of corporate governance.

Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, policies, laws and institutions, which directed, administered and controlled over the corporation (Monks & Minow, 2008). Corporate governance is a way by which a company governs itself for providing the values to their stake holders. The WorldCom did not follow the corporate governance policy. If the WorldCom would have followed the corporate governance it would have not led towards this business failure and company would have not gone for the unethical practices conduct in the organization. Corporate governance would have increased the faith of stakeholders towards the company and company would have survived for long time (Monks & Minow, 2008).

Alongside this regulatory response in the United-States, in the United-Kingdom rules of good practice and principles for good corporate governance have emerged in the form of Reports and Codes (even before the Enron crisis occurs). Similarly, the international economic actors also codified rules and principles for a good corporate governance.

Corporate Governance: It is very important for an organisation to follow rules and regulations. To be a successful company rules and regulations are must to be followed. An analysis of Caltex Australia Ltd. report, there has been proper governance mechanism followed at Caltex for the purpose of ensuring efficient performance levels. There has been a separate corporate governance statement that discloses about the corporate performance levels and governance mechanism as followed by the company. As per the governance statement, it is analysed that there are sound principles and practices that are required to be followed by employees working in the organisation. As for example, corporate governance at Caltex indicates that the employees are required

Reforms have been created to close the gap of corporate governance and financial reporting in order to prevent the reoccurrence of corporate scandals. Congress created a federal bill named the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act in July 2002 in response to the Enron and WorldCom scandals that introduced major changes to the regulation of corporate governance and financial practice in order to protect the interest of investors and the public (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act Summary and Introduction,” 2003). The Act is extensive in corporate governance, which is a comprehensive theory concerned with the alignment of management and shareholders interest. The sections of the bill cover responsibilities of a public corporation’s board of directors, adds criminal penalties for certain misconduct, and requires the SEC to create regulations to define how public corporations are to comply with the law (Slater, 2002). The SEC has issued more than twenty rules implementing provisions of the Act pertaining to corporate governance, financial reporting, and audit functions. The SEC has worked with NYSE and NASDAQ to harmonize the new Corporate Governance Rules. Throughout the rest of this paper, the more detailed listing requirements of the NYSE and NASDAQ will be discussed. Since the reforms are extensive, these were selected for the discussion: the increased role of independent directors, independent audit committee, independent directors on the nominating/corporate governance committee, the

The world has witnessed a series of corporate bankruptcies in the recent decades like Enron, Lehman Brothers Inc, Global Crossings, and Tyco in the USA; HIH in Australia, Parmalat in Italy, APP in Asia, and Islamic bank Ltd. of South Africa. These collapses have weakened and shaken the confidence of shareholders, debtors, governmental institutions, and other similar relevant stakeholders in corporate governance (CG) and the stock markets, and led to regulating many reforms and codes of best governance practices all over the world, to strengthen transparency and restore confidence in financial markets (Barros et al., 2013). For instance, after the financial failure of Enron and dissolution of Arthur Anderson; one of the five largest audit and accountancy partnerships in the world, U.S enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002; France regulated the financial security law of 2003, as many other countries developed a set of regulations in the aftermath of huge corporate scandals. In Addition, the integration and globalization of financial markets also has given significance and highlighted the importance of CG as claimed by Srinivasan & Srinivasan (2011).

Corporate governance refers to ‘the ways suppliers of finance to corporations assure themselves of getting return on their investment’ (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997: 736). Corporate governance discusses the set of systems, principles and processes by which a

Risk management is defined as the effort to avoid, reduce, control, or mitigate the risks deemed unacceptable. Uncertainties

This report provides an in depth analysis of RBS’s corporate governance failure, in order to provide the reader with the appreciation of the key role that corporate governance plays in successful businesses and in social welfare. The RBS scandal is a perfect illustration of weak corporate governance and failure of checks and balances by the required institutions which inflates from the UK government to Auditing companies. The main objective of such report is to directly address the RBS corporate governance scandal which affected a large portion of the UK economy in 2008. By doing so the writer applies relevant corporate governance theories, as he finds appropriate. In 2007, RBS stood as one of the ecosphere’s greatest

The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation, such as the board, managers, shareholders and other stakeholders, and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions on corporate affairs. By doing this, it also provides the structure through which the company objectives are set, and the means of attaining those objectives and monitoring performance. Therefore, the overall purpose of good governance: to assist organisations to achieve their strategic objectives.

Corporate governance is a model in which processes and relations by which corporations are controlled and directed. It can also be defined as a system of laws and authoritative approaches by which corporations are directed and controlled. This is achieved by considering the internal and external structures of the corporations. The intentions include monitoring actions of management and directors to moderate agency risks, which may be rooted in the misdeeds of corporate officers. This ensures that these risks and conflicts are prevented and moderated using policies, laws, customs, processes, and institutions that have great impacts on the way a corporation is controlled. This corporate governance has great impacts on firm performance,

Corporate Governance is the relationship between the shareholders, directors, and management of a company, as defined by the corporate character, bylaws, formal policies and rule laws. The corporate governance system was designed to help oversee the decisions and best interest of the shareholders. The system should works accordingly: The shareholders elect directors, who in turn hire management to make the daily executive decisions on the owner’s behalf. The company’s board of director’s position is to oversee management and ensure that the shareholders interest is being served. Corporate governance focus is with promoting enterprise, to improve efficiency, and to address disputes of interest which can force upon

It is well established that good corporate governance practice is beneficial for firms, its stakeholders and whole economy. Further based on studies such as by Levine (2004), saving rates, investment decisions, technological progress and consequently economic growth are encouraged as financial systems reduce market frictions. So developing countries require reforms to stimulate financial system for revival of economy.