Introduction And Literature Review : New Generation Photovoltaic Essay

The highly conjugated system of the cyanine dyes makes it a very good compound in the development of more efficient solar cells. In this experiment, the maximum wavelength was measured for nine dyes using a UV-Vis spectrum. The result that were obtained agreed with Kuhn’s model for the less polarizable end groups such as 3,3 '-diethyloxadicarbocyanine and 3,3 '-diethyloxatricarbocyanine. That suggested that these two compounds were not as easy to polarize compared to the rest of the dyes. The rest of the dyes required the use of the empirical parameter α to provide more reliable predictions of the wavelengths. This was due to the highly polarized ends of the dyes which needed the adjustment of the parameter to get more accurate results. The series with the higher polarizable end groups’ absorbed higher wavelength light than the less polarized groups. This supported the idea of the one-dimensional box. Also, higher wavelength was determined to be associated with longer conjugated carbon methine chains between the Nitrogen atoms. Kuhn’s free electron model was very reliable for this system.

Wang, Y., Chen, K.S., Mishler, J., Cho, S.C., and Adroher, X.C. (2011)A Review of Polymer ElectrolyteMembrane Fuel Cells: Technology, Applications, and Needs on Fundamental Research, Applied Energy, 88, (4), pp. 981-1007.

When light hits the solar cell, the energy frees the electron/hole pairs. Each photon will free one electron and create one hole. When this happens close to the electron field or if a hole and an electron wander into the field’s range of

increased due to the limited amount of available oil. Global warming is considered as a byproduct

 Edmond Becquerel discovered that certain materials sparked when hit by sunlight in France in 1839. After further research by scientists Smith, Adams, and Day, it was discovered that this property, which is known as the photoelectric effect, could be manipulated to convert light into electricity. Thus, the first “photovoltaic cells”,

A solar photovoltaic system (PV) has been around for 174 years, the system was first discovered in 1839 by a French physicist Alexandre Edmund Becquerel. He discovered the effects of the system while testing with an electrolytic cell made up of two metal electrodes. Sense his findings PV system has revolutionized through the year by various scientists, inventors, and organization. Protovolactic system developed and become a much desired in the 1980, the system was commonly used and found in calculators, wristwatches, radios, and other various electronic gadgets. (Sunlight Electric, 2013)

The objective of this research is to create a cell-free artificial platform for harvesting light energy and transforming the energy to organic compounds. In order to achieve this objective we take the approach of mimicking the photosynthetic processes of a plant leaf and integrating them into a compact system using microfabrication technology.

The experiments analyzed found that solar panels using the concepts analyzed converted no more than 5% of absorbed energy into electricity. The tested organic cell film had 1.5-2% ef-ficiency, though organic cells are inefficient but cheap anyway. Carbon cells were estimated to have no more than 5% efficiency. Experimental data found cells sensitized with dye and TiO2 achieve 4-4.5% efficiency if constructed correctly. Each US square meter gets about 1-2 thou-sand kilowatt-hours sunlight per year, which means the maximum power from a solar panel is about 110 kilowatt-hours per square meter per year. Since

But challenges to make organic materials conducting have already been under way and some success in this direction has been achieved [1]. The charge transfer complex Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) – Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) which has been studied in detail [2] can be regarded as the prototype of conducting organic salts. Recently a compound based on a TCNQ-salt has been used as a solid electrolyte in capacitors [3]. But the lack of reasonable mechanical properties has prevented the widespread applications of these materials. It was a breakthrough, therefore, when Shirakawa found in 1971 that acetylene can be polymerized to give a free standing film with promising mechanical properties [4] and when, somewhat later, MacDiarmid and Heeger [5] showed that polyacetylene becomes conducting by exposing it to oxidizing agents like iodine or arsenpentafluoride (AsF5) and its conductivity can be increased by 13 orders. These findings initiated a lot of fundamental investigations, and gave rise to the development of a new class of materials, which combine the typical properties of plastics with electrical conductivity of metals. In recognition of this pathbreaking discovery Shirakawa, MacDiarmid, and Heeger were jointly awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in

The photovoltaic effect can be vaguely explained as the creation of electric potential and current once light is absorbed in a semiconductor material. A semiconductor material, can be doped with other elements in order to force the creation of a certain quantity of free carriers, electrons in n-type and holes in p-type semiconductors. When put together, this two differently doped materials form the PN-junction where, through the diffusion of carriers, (i.e. electrons diffuse to the p-type semiconductor and holes to the n-type), an area called depletion zone is generated. Then, absorption of a photons in a semiconductor, generates more electron-hole pairs increasing the potential in the device and by connecting the separated regions by means of a conductor, the free carriers can flow through a circuit obtaining

silicon. The electrons will then flow towards the positive side of the solar cells instead of in

Objectives: To create a more reflective and efficient photovoltaic roof panel in order to allow

During the last two decades, organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs) have attracted much attention due to their advantageous properties such as wavelength tunability in the visible range,1 low cost, flexibility,2 and large area fabrication.3 These properties make them good candidates for a range of applications including sensing,4 spectroscopy,5 and optical communication.6 However, only optically pumped organic lasers have been realized so far, and the demonstration of an electrically driven organic laser diode still remains a very challenging task. To achieve electrically pumped OSLs, much effort has been focused on the reduction of the energy threshold of optically pumped organic lasers by enhancing the gain medium properties7,8 and

The demand for low cost electronics drove intensive research in Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs) to replace or complement standard, amorphous Si based TFTs. OFETs can introduce new capabilities like flexibility and simplicity of large area fabrication; however, organic transistors fall short in other performance parameters. It is known that organic materials have low mobility and are often not compatible with standard lithographic processes developed for Si transistors, (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) 1,2 (-- removed HTML --) (-- removed HTML --) resulting in low currents and switching frequencies. These drawbacks triggered research in Vertical Organic Field Effect Transistor architectures, which can be favorable for

Large solar plants occupy a vast area of land and threaten wildlife because one square kilometer is needed to produce 40 megawatts of energy from solar power.4 British scientists are attempting to improve the effectiveness of photovoltaic cells by utilizing “copper indium diselenide and cadmium telluride to find an affordable and more sustainable way to make solar panels to convert light energy into electricity.”5