Introduction And Literature Review On Renewable Energy

The smart distribution transformer and its controllers were evaluated through simulations using PLECS simulation platform. The system specifications used to design the simulation model are given in Table 3.

It is observed that the power factor is maintained closer to unity when the input voltage is reduced from 230V to 110Vrms. Figure 11 (a) and (b) shows the power factor correction of controller for various load condition such as 20% (60W) and 75% (230W). The power factor for the system is found to be 0.84 for light load condition and 0.99 for full load condition. The THD of input current at full load with predominant third and fifth harmonic components are shown in Figure 12(a) and (b).Third harmonics is found to be 4.8% and fifth harmonic component is 4.9% which are well within IEC 61000-3-2 standard during wide range of load variations. The variation in power factor with load is shown graphically in Figure 13(a). It can be inferred from the graph that improved resettable control operates at high power factor for all load condition whereas the conventional PI control has poor power factor under light load conditions. Figure 13(b) shows the comparison between the efficiency of the converter for varying load conditions with the conventional control method and the resettable integrator control. The converter’s efficiency is maintained at 92% for light load conditions and 96% for fully loaded condition with integrator control technique. Thus the improved resettable integrator controller provides a very simple and reliable solution for power factor correction and

Everyone uses a lot of power for lighting, heating, machines, movements, and so much more. All of that energy has to come from an energy supply. Some energy resources are renewable, while others are non-renewable. Energy has various forms and is a very essential part of our everyday lives.

Fig. 5.10. Control of the dc–dc converter to produce less power under voltage sag: (a) grid voltages, grid currents, actual duty cycle, input voltage of the dc–dc converter, estimated duty cycle; and (b) dc-link voltage.

So, the above issues can be applied to distributed power systems similarly, and the recent research focuses are summarized as follows:

Energy is crucial to almost every major and opportunity the world faces today. From the perception of jobs, security, climate change, food production or increasing incomes, access to sustainable energy for all is essential for strengthening economies, protecting ecosystems and achieving equity.

The DVR is one of the most common and effective solutions for protecting critical load against voltage sags [10] [11]. The DVR is a power electronic device used to inject three-phase voltages in series and in synchronism with the distribution feeder voltages in order to compensate for voltage sags. Moreover, it can be efficiently used to augment the fault ride through capability in wind applications. Detection time is an important factor in the voltage restitution process. Fast detection

Further it’s considered integrating high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) technology to transmit energy from the renewable energy production sites to cities. It provides the better HVDC system with efficient intercity links to allow for energy exchange as demand varies.

The threat of global warming is influencing people to become “greener,” turning to renewable energy options which are often referred to as alternative energy. Renewable energy refers to energy that does not come from burning of fossil fuels or pollutant infused methods to provide energy. It is the harnessing of natural resources that are constantly renewable such as sunlight for solar panels and wind for wind turbines, just to name two (Lamb, 2015). The use of renewable energy is not only beneficial to the preservation of traditional energy sources but to environment and humans and lastly it economically will become a better option for people. Renewable energy is the key to a healthier future.

Renewable energy is defined as using resources that are easily replenished such as water, the sun, or wind, as forms of energy. So why should citizens of the Earth use renewable energy? Many people use renewable energy because of the environmental benefits and the economic benefits or in order to preserve the nonrenewable resources. Using renewable energy sources provides many different benefits for society and for the environment but they also have drawbacks that makes the use of renewable energy a controversial topic.

New advancements in renewable energy are great ideas. However, while all the kinks of these new advancements are being worked out, global warming is still hurting the earth. So what do we do in the mean time? Several brilliant minds have been working on this. Instead of looking for entirely new advancements, they are taking what already exists and making it better. For example, burning coal in a cleaner manner.

Wind force is still the most encouraging renewable energy in the year of 2013. The wind turbine system (WTS) began with a few tens of kilowatt power in the 1980s. Now, multi megawatt wind turbines are widely installed even up to 6–8 MW. There is a widespread use of wind turbines in the distribution networks and more and more wind power stations, acting as power plants, are connected directly to the transmission networks. As the grid penetration and power level of the wind turbines increase steadily, the wind power starts to have significant impacts to the power grid system. Therefore, more advanced generators, power electronic systems, and control solutions have to be introduced to improve the characteristics of the wind power plant and make it more suitable to be integrated into the power grid. Meanwhile, there are also some emerging technology challenges, which need to be further clarified and investigated. The global electrical energy consumption is still rising and there is a steady demand to increase the power capacity. The production, distribution and the use of the energy should be as technological efficient as possible and incentives to save energy at the end-user should be set up. The deregulation of energy has lowered the investment in larger power plants, which means the need for new electrical power sources may be very high in the near future. Two major technologies will play important roles to solve the future problems.

Renewable energy, what is it ? To put it simply, it’s a type of energy source that is eco-friendly and for the most part efficient. Fossil fuels such as gasoline, oil, methane gas, and other harmful energy sources will only aggravate earth's health and will inevitably affect our biosphere and atmosphere, in which we humans reside. There is nothing inherently wrong with this issue but can seriously be spoken more and enforced upon society, for the sake of humanity. It will take centuries before we can consider colonizing other planets and have humans living on them. We are unfortunately not there yet technologically speaking. All we can do is prolong earth's life before that happens, which will take some time. According to scientists, earth is approximately 4.3 billion years old, which is a long time, but as time progressed we humans kept finding ways to harm the earth at an exponential rate. In some cases we have also caused the extinction of many species that once inhabited earth. Some countries and certain states have started to take note of these trends and started to implement public policy and also have come up with new ways to combat this. Renewable energy is one of the best options at the moment and will hopefully make our earth a better place,literally. Many people go about their day always concerned about the political spectrum,which is fine, but the issues that accompany earth such as climate change are always swept under the rug and never heard of again.

Energy plays an important role in human activities. The utilization of fossil fuel based energy resources has increased the impact on the global environmental issues such as CO2 emissions that contribute to global warming and a drastic climate changing. The need of exploitation of new sources such as renewable energy (RE) becomes crucial. The combination of multi-source renewable energies at the distribution stage and the proper energy management will definitely reducing the cost of operation and could deliver the best efficiency and reliability to the users.

The renewable sources of energy listed above have some advantages. They are naturally occurring and thus do not require much effort to harness. Besides, they are natural components of the environment whose use does not contribute to environmental pollution (Tiwari et al., 2012). The fact that they are never depleted also guarantees users who have installed the necessary harnessing machinery, of a continuous supply of energy. Despite these advantages, however, there also exist some demerits. Much as these sources are