Introduction. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (Copd)

R.W. appears with progressive difficulty getting his breath while doing simple tasks, and also having difficulty doing any manual work, complains of a cough, fatigue, and weight loss, and has been treated for three respiratory infections a year for the past 3 years. On physical examination, CNP notice clubbing of his fingers, use accessory muscles for respiration, wheezing in the lungs, and hyperresonance on percussion of the lungs, and also pulmonary function studies show an FEV1 of 58%. These all symptoms and history represented here most strongly indicate the probability of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a respiratory disease categorized by chronic airway inflammation, a decrease in lung function over time, and gradual damage in quality of life (Booker, 2014).

In wild type mouse there is no effect on food intake, body weight and blood glucose though we give more leptin because here the leptin receptors are constant. But, in ob/ob mouse the food intake, body weight and blood glucose levels are decrease because the presence of leptin receptor. However, in the db/db mouse there is no effect due to the absence of the leptin

Causes of COPD are, but are not limited to, tobacco smoke, occupational working exposure, outdoor and indoor pollutants, genetic factors and early life environmental factors. This disease has become the third leading cause of death in the United States of America. The only proven way to slow the progression is to QUIT smoking. Some studies have shown that giving a bronchodilator has reversed some lung function which benefits the patient. Symptoms of COPD include, but are not limited to, dyspnea upon exertion, chronic cough with or without phlegm, fatigue and weight loss. Some common characteristics of COPD are exacerbations and episodes of acute worsening. Exacerbations are commonly caused by viral and/or bacterial infections and pollution. Multimodal treatments are used and include

COPD, or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, is one of the most common lung diseases. Thousands of people are diagnosed every year, and it recently moved up to the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S., behind heart disease and cancer. This paper will discuss disease pathology, the most common and recently discovered diagnostic tests, as well as treatment options. It will also address end of life care.

I work as a respiratory therapist and treat patients diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Smoking is a leading cause associated with developing COPD. As a professional working in the healthcare field, I have been fortunate and educated about the dangers and consequences linked to cigarette smoking. I have treated and have experience with individuals who have smoked and developed COPD. Also, as an educator, I have tried to help individuals quit smoking to improve overall health. As an educator, I view smoking as an addiction to the drug nicotine and managing cravings will help individuals quit smoking.

All over the world, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a very significant and prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality, and it is increasing with time (Hurd, 2000; Pauwels, 2000; Petty, 2000). Due to the factor of COPD being an underdiagnosed and undertreated disease, the epidemiology (Pauwels, Rabe, 2004) is about 60 to 85 % with mild or moderate COPD remaining undiagnosed (Miravitlles et al., 2009; Hvidsten et al., 2010).

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in the United States. “COPD affects over 24 million Americans and our community stretches across all 50 states.” (COPD Foundation, 2016, p. 1). In this paper we will go over the main causes of COPD, what is emphysema and chronic bronchitis, the symptoms, also we will cover the different stages COPD and some of the common treatments. Although COPD does not discriminate by age it is primarily found to affect the middle age and older group. As we go further

The defining feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the limited airflow during forced exhalation that is not fully reversible(R. Higginson, 2010). On assessment of Terry’s condition it was found he has a moderate work of breathing, a respiratory rate of 30, diminished breath sounds, has a barrel chest and uses tripod positioning. The inability to expire air is a major concern and characteristic of copd(Di Brown, 2015). The primary site of airflow is limited and the airways are reduced in size, reducing the amount of air that can get in and out of the lungs(R. Higginson, 2010). As the airways become smaller and obstructed, air is trapped during expiration due to the volume of residual air greatly increasing, destroying the alveoli attached to small airways(R. Higginson, 2010). The residual air and loss of elastic recoil makes it harder to exhale air. If an individual is unable to perform levels of expiration then the air becomes trapped in the lungs, making the chest hyper expand and become barrel shaped. Having a barrel shaped chest, decreases the respiratory muscles to work effectively and the functional

Although not curable, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a familiar, treatable, but avoidable disease that is still a huge health problem in the United States. According to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, “COPD is the fourth leading cause of chronic morbidity and mortality in the United States and is projected to rank fifth in 2020 as a worldwide problem according to a study published by the World Bank/World Health Organization.”1 Mortality from COPD is also expected to increase despite medical advances in the treatment of the disease.

In 1996 Morens and his group reviewed various epidemiological reports associating cigarette smoking and PD(28,43-45). They found variant biases in the 46 articles they reviewed including selective mortality, cause-and-effect, and smoking-associated symptoms. In addition, the authors underlined that the negative association was due to a direct chemical protective effect of smoking. This crucial review provided strong evidence for the hypothesis on the negative association with PD and revealed the need for direct animal studies.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disorder characterized by a small airway obstruction and reduction in expiratory flow rate (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). It affects over ten percent of the United States’ population, is the 4th leading cause of death, and costs over $37 billion annually to treat (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). In 2013, 2.8% of every 100,000 diagnosed with COPD, died from chronic bronchitis or emphysema related causes (CDC, 2014). Common risk factors for the development of COPD include smoking, air pollution, chronic respiratory infections, and hyperresponsive airways due to asthma (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Unfortunately, early signs and symptoms of COPD are practically nonexistent. Once a patient starts exhibiting symptoms, the disease has progressed significantly (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Pulmonary function tests are essential to diagnose COPD. Forced vital capacity, or the maximum amount of air exhaled with force, indicates lung size (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) measures the maximum amount of air expired in one second (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). FEV1 and symptoms exhibited are used to stage COPD (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). COPD is staged at five levels of severity (Refer to Appendix for severity scale). The severity of COPD is defined by FEV 1 %, or the maximal amount of air forcefully exhaled in one second using spirometry (Timmins, et.al., 2012). Emphysema and chronic

Chronic obstructive disease (COPD) is an irreversible lung disease that comprises emphysema and chronic bronchitis which impedes airflow for normal breathing. Usually, this happens as a result of continual exposure to toxins found in cigarettes. Unfortunately, due to the nature of COPD most people expend an abundant of energy just to breathe. According to St. Florian’s article Nutrition and COPD - Dietary Considerations for Better Breathing (2009) it is stated:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is most prevalent in the older adult and smokers. It is the third leading cause of death in the United States and affects 329 million people worldwide. The disease also carries a burden on the economy with an estimated cost of $29.5 billion annually for treating exacerbations (Hattab, Alhassan, Balaan, Lega, & Singh, 2016). It is defined as the limitation of airflow within the airway and lungs secondary to a chronic inflammatory response from exposure to noxious stimuli. Repeated exposure to chemicals like cigarette smoke lead to the destruction of the lung parenchyma and alveoli decreasing the lungs ability to appropriately exchange gases (Baraldo, Turato & Saetta, 2012). The disease is both preventable and treatable with appropriate evidence-based practice and patient education as presented.

Humans can survive without food or water for days, but can only survive a few minutes without oxygen. This is because the brain cells are incapable of functioning without it, and build-up of carbon-dioxide in the body is highly toxic The respiratory system, which includes air passages, pulmonary vessels, the lungs, and breathing muscles, provides oxygenated blood to the body tissues and removes waste gases.Not only must the lungs be supplied with air and blood, but the two must be evenly matched to ensure efficient gas exchange by diffusion can occur (Hinchliff et al 1988). Although the lungs are able to with stand abuse in the form of smoke and other pollutants, a number of disorders impair its function. This report is to look at one of the disorders, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

The researchers obtained 36 female rats that were 5 weeks old. These mice were randomly divided into three diet groups, low sodium (LS), normal sodium (NS) and high sodium (HS). The rats were weighed on a weekly basis for a total of 60 days. By weighing the rats on a weekly basis, the researchers were able to determine that there was no significant difference in weight between the three dietary groups, (figure 1). The main conclusion that one can get from this data is that sodium does not have a large effect on the weight of the rats. Since sodium does not cause the rats to gain a significant amount of weight it can be concluded that the bones of the rats will not develop differently due to them weighing more than normal.