Introduction Knowledge has always been transferred from older generation to younger generations

The bar chart was used to compare the number of species in each transect. In transect A, there were 5 different species. The species in this area were mostly grass, forbs, moss, bugs and beetles. Bugs and beetles made up a small population of this transect. In transect B, there were also 5 species. The species were mostly grass, shrubs, forbs, moss and bugs. In this transect, shrubs were found which makes transect B more diversed than A. In Transect C, 8 species were located in this area. The species included shrubs, grass, fobs, evergreen, trees, dirt, bugs and spiders. New species such as evergreen, trees, dirt and spiders were located in this location. Therefore the test that diversity happens through ecological succession was

Conservation biology is the study of environmental problems that are caused by human actions. This would be the scientific study of the Earth’s biodiversity with the whole purpose from being extinct. In this field it helps in putting together many theories from other fields such as ecology, demography, taxonomy and genetics. This would help in the understanding of the management of species in their ecosystems, breeding, genetic analysis and their resoration of their

The speakers attempt to engage the International Biodiversity Conference to adopt measures to ensure the security of earth’s biodiversity, highlights the grave environmental struggles confronting world leaders. In the persuasive presentation, “Taking stock” which appeals to environmentalist, world leaders and those in attendance of the biodiversity conference, the speaker contends current efforts to secure biodiversity are lacklustre and threatening earth’s future, attempting to garner support for a new wave of environmental action. The images accompanying the presentation support the speakers’ contention by calling to attention that importance of biodiversity.

The word Indigenous Knowledge (IK) or Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) is used to define the knowledge systems developed by an indigenous people and its community as contrast to the ‘modern’scientific knowledge ( Slikkerveer 1999, Ajibade 2003). While Kincheloe & Semali,eds. (1999) dicusses on the concept and practices of Indigenous Knowledge, this study refers Indigenous knowledge (IK) to the knowledge which indigenous people acquired from generations to generations, and mostly based on their life experience with the nature and influenced by their cosmological beliefs. Indigenous knowledge is the basis for local peoples’ decision-making in many rural communities and ethno-cultural groups of the society. Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) deal with specific systems of knowledge and practice, developed and accumulated over generations, often outsed universities, research institutions and laboratories which form the base for local-level decision-making process, and are as such unique to a specific culture or region (Cf. Slikkerveer 1995) It has value not only for the culture in which it evolves, but also for scientists and development

AP state ranks fourth in terms of mangrove areas (35,200 ha- FSI 2013) in the country and are found in the delta region of river Krishna and Godavari. In addition, small isolated mangroves patches are also found along the coasts of Vishakapatnam, Guntur, Nellore and Prakasam districts. KWS is part of Krishna River mangroves (lying between 15° 42 ' N and 15° 55 ' N in latitude and 80° 42 '- 81° 01 ' E in longitude) distributed among Krishna and Guntur districts (Figure 1). KWS covers an area of 19,481 ha exclusively dominated by mangrove vegetation. The Sanctuary is divided into different Reserve Forest (RF) zones as Sorlagondi, Nachugunta, Yelichetladibba (of Krishna district), Kottapalem, Molagunta, Adavuladivi and Lankivanidibba (of Guntur district). The soil is classified as silt clay with high salinity and low phosphorus levels with an average pH of 8.0. Fishing, crab, prawn seed collection forms livelihood options of local villagers, apart from seasonal agricultural practices (Anonymous 2004). The current study covers major part of KWS, focusing

Conservation biology, ethnobotany, Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Ecologically Based Invasive Plant Management (EBIPM) and Permaculture. All of these are newer ideas in the still young field of ecology. Ecology definition, as given by Wilson in “Diversity” “is the study of the interactions of organisms with their environment, including the physical environment and the other organisms living in it.” (396) In this general field new ideas gain popularity and support they spawn off into

Biodiversity presents occurrence of variety of species and their natural community in which they live. By the definition it is “The degree of variation of life forms within a given species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. It is a measure of the health of ecosystems and is in part a function of climate.” (Rutherford) Ecosystem is on the other hand, “ community and its abiotic environment”( Rutherford). Biodiversity exists in every ecosystem, weather it is big one, or just ecosystem of one garden, it has the same importance because without it nature loses its ability to perform major functions needed for life on Earth, as it is oxygen production. Trough this investigation, two different ecosystems will be explored and

Therefore, a combination of social, economic, and environmental factors together play an important role. One pillar alone cannot be the answer to solving the loss of biodiversity issue. A battle fought on all fronts is a battle won.

In an attempt to mitigate environmental degradation within their jurisdiction environmental managers work to preserve the ecological integrity of ecosystems by implementing various conservation strategies and practices. Notably, ecosystems are dynamic and complex; therefore, ecosystem management is inherently dynamic and complex. In addition, ecosystem management entails working with individuals and institutions in order to enact standards, practices, and at times policy. The most daunting challenge within environmental management is appeasing all the stakeholders involved in the management process because society and policy are both influenced by the current paradigm of thought and scientific knowledge, which shift more slowly the dynamic ecosystems at stake. Scientific knowledge and the uncertainty of science divide individuals and policy makers alike into four groups: those who accept issues aroused by science and want to take action, those who accept issues aroused by science and do not want to take action, those who deny issues aroused by science, but want to take action just in case, and those who deny issues aroused by science and do not want to take action.

Franck and Brownstone define biological diversity as 'the variety and variability of living organisms and the biological communities in which they live' (36). Decades of progress in both the scientific and political arenas have advanced environmental legislation to protect biodiversity at not only the ecosystem level, but for specific species and genetic material as well. Research has shown the importance of every organism and their role in the global ecosystem, and legislation has gradually matured to protect not only species which may become endangered, but the habitats they need to survive as well. Growing consciousness surrounding environmental issues has enabled these protections to be

Recently everyone has started hearing the out cry surrounding the problem of the degradationof the worlds ecosystems that have a negative effect on the biodiversity and the livelihoods of people worldwide. People are beginning to realise that that these bio- systems can not be conserved just through the protection of critical areas alone.

India is one of the twelve mega-biodiversity countries of the world. Each of the ten bio geographic zones of the country has characteristic biota, and broadly represents similar climatic conditions and constitutes the habitat for diverse species of flora and fauna. Based on a survey of about two-third of the geographical region of country, the Ministry of Forest and Environment reported that India have at present about 45,000 plants and 77,000 of animals species representing about 7% of the world flora and 6.5% of the world fauna

The city of Mumbai is the largest city in India, with a population of roughly 19.3 million people (World Population Review, 2014). One reason that Mumbai has grown to such extent is its convenient location. Located on a peninsula off the west coast of India and boarding the Arabian Sea, Mumbai has easy travel access to the Middle East and inland India (Earth Explorer, 2015). The Mithi River flows through the heart of the city and connects into Mahim Bay, which provides further transportation capabilities for those in the area (2015). Both Powai and Vihar Lake are located further inland and provide drinking water for the people of Mumbai (“Mumbai”, 2014). North of Vihar Lake is Sanjay Gandhi National Park, the world’s largest national park, which is a preservation of forest area that covers 104 square kilometers (Mehta, 2013). This national park is not only rich in resources and biodiversity; it also is a popular tourist area that has about 2 million annual visitors (2013). In addition to the thousands of plant and animal species that live in this forest area, such animals in preservations include panthers, antelope, moose deer, wild bears, monkeys, leopards, tigers, etc. Mumbai has a tropical wet and dry climate that does not fluctuate much throughout the year (Pacione, 2006). Average temperatures typically range between 60-100°F year round (2006). From January through May and October through December, Mumbai experiences dry weather with little rain. Monsoon season lasts

Northeast region of India is a pristine territory, completely unexplored. The valley is adorned with lush green vegetation, majestic mountains and untamed rivers. It is also abode of exquisite range of flora and fauna and the magnificent tribal life. The states of Northeast India's natural splendor welcome the tourist browsing for something different.

The river Ganges carry the highest amount of sand with it and the amount of deposition of material on the coastal regions by the river is also highest in the world. The green and mangrove forests besides the river Ganga contains almost all the species of plants and animals found in India and the forests provides the best eco-system to these animals to exist. But the so called pure and holy river is getting exploited due to many human activities