Introduction. Major Depressive Disorder (Mdd) Is A Very

The nervous system can be considered one of the most complex organ systems in the human body which is accountable for managing numerous functions that entail the overall well-being of the body. It consists of the Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System of which participate in voluntary and involuntary controlled functions. Detrimental effects can occur if there are issues that interfere with normal functioning of this system that can lead to one of many mental and physiological illnesses. Notably, Depression is one of the most common mental ailments that occur in about 6% of adults in America (Mental Health America). It can be characterized when one displays a lack of

Major depressive disorder, we all have probably heard of it, but do we really know what is it is ? Major depressive disorder is “a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest… major depressive disorder or clinical depression, affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems”(Mayo Clinic Staff). Having this disorder puts you in a very unstable position because you are constantly feeling depressed so it affects the way you think and feel and that can be very dangerous. Sometimes this happens to a person for one day, but put yourself in the shoes of someone who experiencing this for more than two weeks? When you have major depressive disorder, the signs of depression disorder can last for two weeks or more(myers646). This dis order must be treated immediately because “depression may make you feel as if life isn 't worth living”(Mayo Clinic Staff). Feeling this way can lead you to doing things that you can not take back such as committing suicide and sadly that can happen when you have major depressive disorder. Kiyohara and Yoshimasu conducted a research that showed that 90% of suicides have were dealing with major depressive disorder(qtd. in The World Health Organization). Throughout this paper I will be discussing the causes, symptoms and treatment when dealing with major depressive disorder.

The typical description of a disease would be something that causes unwanted effects on the body; however, mental illnesses show few physical symptoms and cause problems that outsiders can rarely see. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), to be specific, is a complex disorder that occurs when a person has five of the following symptoms: a depressed mood, diminished pleasure, weight loss or gain, insomnia, lethargy, problems with concentrating, fatigue, feeling worthless, or having thoughts of suicide (Myers 3). While MDD is chronic, depression is the infrequent counterpart. The official etiology of depression is important because it is widespread and is becoming increasingly more common. Knowing why an illness occurs, in theory, can help physicians

Either way once a person feels there is no way out of a certain situation or starts to feel hopeless they would be suffering from MDD. One theory that has come about in relation to stress and depression is Martin Steligman’s learned helplessness theory of depression which is a theory that states people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (Barlow and Durland, 2009).

The term major depressive disorder was created by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s as part of proposals for diagnostic criteria based on patterns of symptoms (Spitzer et al, 1975). MDD made its first appearance in the third edition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III) (Phillip, Maier & Demo, 1991). MDD is a mental disorder characterized by an impairment of functioning in one or more areas of life due to a depressed mood and loss of interest in activities combined with other symptoms for a minimum of two weeks (APA, 2013, 161).

Having MDD has also led LB to have changes in cognitive, and behavioral domains and lead to problems with her social and interpersonal relationships. LB’s feelings of depression have caused her to feel helpless and suffer with low self worth. She has lost interest in her normal activities, like hanging out with friends. LB also stated in this case study that she had occasional episodes of feeling like she was in a dream state, which is a symptom of depression referred to as depersonalization, where one feels detached from their body. This patient also expressed that she is constantly worried about her physical appearance and whether she had done something wrong, for instance, unknowingly upsetting her teachers and peers. All of these feeling have lead to her having low self worth, and more importantly lead her to have suicidal thoughts. LB said that she has felt feel like the world was coming down on her, which would lead her to think about committing suicide by letting herself drown in the pool at her school. LB also had behavioral changes due

Major Depressive Disorder is defined as a “moderate-to-severe mood disorder in which a person experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypomanic, manic, or mixed episodes” (Butcher, Hooley, & Mineka, 2014, p. 618). Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is also referred to Major Depression. MDD is also “characterized by a combination of symptoms that interfere with a person’s ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy once-pleasurable activities. Major depression is disabling and prevents a person from functioning normally. Some people may experience only a single episode within their lifetime, but more often a person may have multiple episodes” (National Instittute of Mental Health, 2014, p. 2)

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently labeled one of the world’s greatest health problems, with an estimated prevalence of 4.7% and the second highest cause of years lived with a disability in 2010. The economic impact on patients with MDD is extensive particularly in patients that do not respond to treatment. Severe MDD can lead to loss of productivity and increase mortality.

According to the DSM-5, to meet criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), it is required that single or recurrent major depressive episodes (MDE) are present without mania and hypomania. To diagnose a patient for MDE, there must be presence of five symptoms, such as persistent low mood, insomnia or hypersomnia, anhedonia, more than 5% increment or decrement in total body weight over a month, inconclusiveness, suicidal thoughts, hypo or hyper motor activity, for at least 2 weeks for most part of the day. Furthermore, one of these five symptoms must be depressed mood or anhedonia. In DSM-5, the MDD diagnosis can be divided into 14 subcategories based on the severe depression specifiers, such as depression with psychotic features, with melancholic features, and with catatonic features (Uher, Payne, Pavlova, & Perlis, 2014). Major depression can persist for months or even years. Persistent depression can lead to other physical and mental health problems, such as substance abuse, suicidal ideations and catatonic behaviours. A patient with major depression can be treated using different treatment methods, such as pharmacological, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), group therapy, interpersonal therapy and Electroconvulsive therapy. Each treatment benefits a patient struggling with depression in a different way depending on a patient’s compliance and social support. In this paper, I am going to present ECT as an effective method to decrease the symptoms related to depression,

According to the American Psychiatric Association, “If Five symptoms have been present during the same 2- week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms can be a depressive disorder or loss of interest.” The symptoms of major depression disorder would be feeling sad or empty almost everyday, decreased interest or pleasure in mostly everything, weight change or change in appetite, change in sleep, loss of energy, lack of concentration, feeling guilt or worthlessness, and having suicidal thoughts. These specific symptom/criterias are found typically in individuals who have major depression disorder. If these symptoms are not treated it can lead to other potential disorders or can make the major depression disorder become severe. Adolescents and children with major depressive disorder have a larger risk of committing suicide. Some children and adolescents might start with ideation of committing suicide and in some sever cases of major depressive disorder the individual will proceed with

Major Depressive Disorder is a common psychiatric disorder, with an estimated point prevalence of 4.7% of the global population. (Ebert et al., 2017) The negative consequences are profound and impact health related quality of life, workplace performance and sick days, and interpersonal relationships. The global economic toll of MDD was estimated to be $800 billion in 2010 and is rising. In the US alone, the incremental economic burden of individuals with MDD in 2010 was estimated to be $210.5 billion, with approximately half of the total incremental costs associated with the workplace. Despite evidence of the inherent harms and long-lasting effects of cognitive symptoms, MDD treatment remains primarily directed at managing mood symptoms, with

A depressive disorder can be debilitating, affecting a person’s capacity to perform everyday tasks. A MDD is defined as having separate episodes of at least 2 weeks’ in length involving definite changes in mood, cognition and in normal everyday functioning. According to the literature, the first depressive episode in a MDD occurs in the mid-twenties. However, it can also

Major Depressive Disorder : Major depressive disorder (MDD)is a serious clinical mood disorder that severely impacts a person's everyday life and wellbeing. Catatonic Depression : Catatonia is a state where a person appears unresponsive and moves little, if at all. It is a type of depression that often confuses doctors. Seasonal Affective Disorder : Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that is common during winter months where exposure to sunlight is minimal. Dysthymia (Chronic Depression) : An estimated 35 million people in the U.S. have suffered from dysthymia at some point in their lives. Atypical Depression : Atypical depression can be difficult to treat as its criteria isn't as easily defined as other types

Major depression disorder (MDD) is a serious mental disorder that has an intense impact on the individuals social and economic mobile functioning, directly related to increased disability, absenteeism from employment, and social exclusion (Haddad & Gunn, 2011). Research suggests that mothers who are depressed have the potential to genetically predispose their children to social, cognitive impaired development; it appears as though offspring may experience heightened susceptibility to experience occurrences of depression and other mental health problems later in development (Haddad & Gunn, 2011). An individual that has MDD may experience feelings of worthlessness, and inappropriate guilt (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Feelings of hopelessness initiate an distorted view of self, this can be lethal, by way of suicidal ideations or substance misuse. Relevantly, approximately 60 percent of individuals that have committed suicide have had depression, and individuals who are younger in age that commit suicide are more likely to have alcohol use disorder (AUD) or another substance use disorder (SUD) in addition to MDD (Haddad & Gunn, 2011).

Depression is a normal emotional reaction to perceived loss and hopelessness (Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002). There are a number of different types of depression such as chronic depression, manic depression and the primary focus of this essay Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). MDD is a clinical depression, which is more chronic and more severe compared to other types of depression. It significantly disrupts the individual’s ability to meet the normal demands of life. According to many clinicians, clinical depression should be considered as a medical illness in need of medical intervention. Other mental health professionals believe this is an overstatement of the role of physiology and the