Introduction
Mary Breckinridge faced what could be seen as insurmountable losses early in her life. She had first lost her husband of two years, when he died due to complications of appendicitis, following with the loss of her two children due to illness and childbirth complications. (nursing-theory.org) Mary, however, was determined to dedicate her life to those she felt were most at risk. After witnessing an illness of a friend’s child, she attended St. Luke’s Hospital Training School in New York and graduated in 1910 as a nurse. She specifically felt that care provided to those being treated in rural areas were not up to standards, so she worked diligently to improve care and was seen as one of the first midwives of nursing. Mary
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She received the Medaille Reconnaissance Francaise for her work organizing a visiting nurse association during those years. She traveled as a lecturer for the United States Children’s Bureau, following up by working in rural areas after the Great War France as part of the CARD, Breckinridge was able to gain insight and strategies on how to accomplish complex and difficult issues that would arise in remote environments. (kirchgessner, j & keeling, A)
In the summer of 1923, while riding through the mountains of Eastern Kentucky, Breckinridge surveyed the state of midwifery. On many horses and mules, Breckinridge had ridden 650 miles and interviewed about 53 granny midwives. According to Breckinridge, these women were determined either “intelligent and tidy” or “filthy as their homes”. With the survey in hand Breckinridge had decided that professional nursing services were badly needed. She used this to push herself forward in creating the British model of training in both nursing and midwifery, to save the lives of mothers and babies. (kirchgessner, j & keeling, A)
(Kirchgessner, J & Keeling, A) May 1925 members of the Kentucky Committee for Mothers and Babies met. The First clinic was opened September 1925 in Hyden Kentucky. In the first month, 233 patients had made about 561 visits and an additional 46 home visits were completed. The organization’s name was changed to the Frontier Nursing Service in 1928, and by 1929 six FNS clinics were
Before the existence of the Great War, America had fought in previous wars. In the years before the Great War nursing was not even a word for the women who had helped with the aid of fallen soldiers. Florence Nightingale, who helped in establishing nursing as a career used her efforts in organizing an emergency nursing service (Dahlman 2). Nightingale started off at first with forty women, some of whom were Sisters of Religious Nursing Orders and others hospital-taught women of the old school, not trained in the modern way, but experienced (Dahlman 3). Florence Nightingale founded the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital which was the parent of the modern system of nursing. From her, therefore, we may well date the story of nursing service of the American Red Cross (Dahlman 4).
Mary MacKillop was born in Fitzroy, Melbourne on January the 15th 1842. She was the first child to Alexander MacKillop and Flora MacDonald. Mary was one child out of 8 and spent most of her childhood years looking after and acting like a second mother to her siblings. The MacKillop family were quite poor so at the young age of 14, Mary got herself a job as a governess and as teacher at a Portland school. All the money Mary earned went towards her families everyday living. While working as a governess, Mary met Father Julian Tension Woods. By the time Mary had reached the age of 15 she had decided that she wanted to be a nun. She also wanted to devote her life to the poor and less fortunate. So upon meeting Father Julian Tension Woods she
Nursing care was unscientific and consisted of assisting patients with usual body functions; and was typically administered by women of a religious order or by women who by nature of their lifestyle frequented hospitals. Hospital care was for the poor and destitute; since home based medical care was better than risking additional infections in the dirty, crowded, and disease-ridden hospitals. During the typhus epidemic of 1852, hospital staff and patients suffered the greatest morbidity and mortality. (Ranade , 199817-19)
Changes in the late 1800's resulted in universities admitting women, thus allowing them to explore many more educational opportunities. These factors together provided the impetus for establishment of hospitals and schools to formally train nurses, with many schools opening for the first time in the 1870s. At the same time, though the need for nurses had been established and the importance of their role within the realm of medical care recognized, there was a great deal of opposition to the proposal that nurses should be formally educated. This attitude was epitomized by a well-known article of the time published in 1908, 'The over-trained nurse' in which the author asserted that nursing was not a “profession” but merely an “honorable calling”. Consistent with this notion, public perception viewed nursing as a job that women were generally suited to perform rather than one which required special skill and was even equated with a religious “calling”. This view, influenced by early nursing's relationship with religious orders remained far into the 20th century.(Lasseter, 1999).
One aspect of nursing that has changed since the early 1800’s is nursing education. There was no question about the credibility of the women providing care to soldiers after the war. For many years untrained nurses and consequently nursing students cared the sick without any supervision. In 1873, the need for educated nurses was sought but was opposed by untrained physicians who thought trained nurses would pose a threat to their jobs (Gary & Hott, 1988). “Nurses have evolved
Robin Yates’s paper, “Pregnancy and Childbirth, The 1800’s vs. Now: What to Expect When You’re Not Expecting,” was filled with many clear points on the advancement of labor and medicine since the 1800s. This essay was filled with interesting and grabbing facts; however, the structure of the essay needs more support.
Mary I would say had a difficult childhood. She was born July 19th 1817 Mount Vernon, Ohio. Her Dad was a farmer, but her Mom died when Mary was 17 months old! So, because of her death her Dad sent her off to live with Mary’s grandparents. Well her grandparents died so she went to live with her Uncle, he was a farmer also. She was taught only the basics of school, yet she went to Oberlin College which
In the world today nursing plays a major role that often associates with Civil War women, due to the fame of Clara Barton. Clara later founded “the American Red Cross in 1881.” Unlike other nurses she went out to the battlefield to nurse the soldier where they have fallen. With that courageous act she became known at the “Angel of the Battlefield.” Clara was a courageous
I unfortunately didn’t have enough time to of course to completely solidify my findings. But one thing that is for sure is that the Healthcare field grew in a short amount of time, there was so much intelligence back then that we only think of bone saw but in reality they had things that seemed to defy what should have been normal at the time, and this of course is just a start of my findings. For the research part on woman I found that surprisingly Florence Nightingale wasn’t technically the first Nurse. There had been a pioneer in England that you’ll find in one of my sources listed in the bibliography that isn’t necessarily relevant to make the point. Next I found that woman seemed to pioneer it as a means for a platform to build in a way the woman’s right moment and just because they wanted to help out. Especially when wars broke out there had been fewer men at home and more men in the Homefront. In total I believe that this topic could swing to a different topic in multiple ways such as Healthcare through the ages, the war, how men became nurses, the process of nursing school back then, and as you can see this also goes on. My one un-answered question is how they cured someone back then. There’s mostly home cures but no solid book from a professional that could tell me what exactly they did back then. Overall I believe I’ve covered this
An outlet that Alcott and many other women utilized to truly be a part of the war was medicine which enabled them to work on the battlefields and see the bloodshed first-hand. Since large numbers of men on both the Confederate and Union side were wounded and killed, and hospitals were overflowing with recovering soldiers and more staff was needed. Although many societal constraints made it difficult for women to enter the medical field, fierce leaders such as Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton paved the way for future women to work alongside men as medical professionals. Overall, the general perspectives regarding female nurses are evident in personal narratives as well as historical literature. These sources provide us with a deeper insight into the challenges women faced and how their actions paved the way for future
Mary spent the next 30 years working as a private nurse and still managed to have time
It was the twentieth century when two-thousand hospitals were put up in the United States. After the wars ended, there were few nursing jobs because of the large number of nurses. As a result, nursing became an “honorable profession,” which required college degrees. Technological advances were well thought out and processed as nursing began to thrive. People began to study an environment in which the sick healed. Scientists and doctors developed a routine that would help them study the human body more precisely.
Visiting home health nurses are a well-known profession and becoming more popular as time grows. The service of public health nursing was carried out on the frontier by nurses under the name of “Visiting nurse services” which were part of the late 19th century health reform out of ‘The Henry Street House’ in 1893, as discussed in the film “Nursing in America – A History of Social Reform”. They held many roles outside of nursing, those roles and missions and struggles will be discussed.
Hearing the word midwife leaves many people thinking of unprofessional, inexperienced women who help deliver babies naturally, without the help of medication. In truth, nurse-midwives are registered nurses who have attended additional schooling for women’s health and are taught to make women feel as comfortable as possible. In the beginning, remedies were the females’ legacies, their “birthright”; these females were known as “wise-women by the people, witches of charlatans by authorities”. (Ehrenreich, 1973). “Females were wanderers, traveling from one place to another, healing the sick and wounded.” (Ehrenreich 1973). These women were among the first human healers and they were especially helpful when it came to childbearing. The midwives
The roles and functions of nurses have a very fascinating history and have evolved since the 19th century. Landale (1895), in her letter to the editor of the Nursing Record and Hospital World gave us a glimpse of what a nurse should be during that period. Referring to a nurse as a woman in uniform, it gave us an idea that nursing was a female dominated vocation and not to be treated as an economical occupation for financial gain. Landale (1895) placed an emphasis on the characteristic of being a servant and being devoted to service in order to be a nurse who was worthy of the uniform.