Introduction to Human Development

17) The process by which the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides to produce two cells is called

The X and Y chromosomes are what determine the gender of a person. Depending on whether the sperm that impregnates a female carries an X or Y will determine the gender of the offspring. A Y chromosome will cause the offspring to be male while if the offspring has an X it will be female. Some offspring will be born with more X’s or Y’s often know as klinefelter syndrome, XXXY syndrome, 49,XXXXY syndrome, XXX syndrome, and tetrasomy X. Males with klinefelter syndrome, XXXY syndrome, and 49, XXXXY syndrome are still male though many suffer from shorter stature, enlarged breasts, hypogonadism, cryptorchidism, and deficient growth hormones. Women who have XXX syndrome and tetrasomy X are still female, but women with XXX syndrome will

What happens to the body for this to happen? The body has 23 pairs of chromosome in our DNA.With XYY syndrome there is a extra y chromosome due to a split error in the sperm.Normally you have 46 chromosomes in your dna,but if the sperm cell has a error when it splits that can result with there being an extra y or x chromosome,the y chromosome either moves to a cell or leaves a cell before the cell splits in half and can cause there to be just a x chromosome or y chromosome which leads to a cell having to y chromosomes in one cell.That happens due to a cell spilt error.

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal condition that affects development in females, which is also known as 45, X Syndrome; this disease affects the X sex chromosome, or the Y chromosome that determines the male features. If the whole other sex chromosome is missing the sex of the child will invariably be female, that is the classic Turner's syndrome. Mosaic Turner syndrome is where the female has one complete sex chromosome, and the other is partially missing. By the age of five, they start to develop a short stature, and a early loss of ovarian function; some girls and women will have more symptoms than others. In some cases, a diagnosis of Turner syndrome is made when a girl normally approaches puberty (Genetics Education, 2018). Although they

Doctors refer this process as nondisjunction. During nondisjunction, when a pair of sex chromosomes fails to split during the egg (or sperm) formation, the egg that carries an additional X chromosomes will then combine with a normal sperm. As a result, the developed embryo will end up having three sex chromosomes, two X’s and one Y, instead of XY, the normal two. With the affected baby development, the extra chromosome will be copied to the rest of the cells. The chances of nondisjunction occurring in either the mother’s egg or the father’s sperm is equally. Half of the time, the error occurs in the egg development, and the remainder are due to errors in sperm

Abstract A practical was conducted to observe the various stages of mitosis in the root tips of garlic. Mitosis is the process by which a parent cell divides to give two identical daughter nuclei. The main objectives were to achieve a better understanding of how to use a microscope and to help understand previous studies carried out on mitosis. It was not possible to see all the stages of mitosis under the microscope except for anaphase and metaphase.

Each embryo receives an X chromosome from the mother and either an X or a Y chromosome from the father, via the sperm. Some individuals are born with an abnormal number of chromosomes, a condition called "aneuploidy." The embryo can have a missing X chromosome or an extra X or extra Y chromosome. Different types of abnormalities in the offspring can occur, depending on the type of aneuploidy. There is a condition called Klinefelter's syndrome which a person has XXY chromosomes due to non-disjunction during Meiosis in the formation of the maternal gametes. This is how it might be possible for a normal male to have what appears to be two normal X chromosomes and 22 normal pairs of

Cells separate and replicate in two ways: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is a procedure of cell division that

As cells divide and reproduce in two ways, this is known as Mitosis and Meiosis. Mitosis is the process of asexual reproduction, which means the cell divides into two producing another, with an equal numbers of chromosomes resulting in a diploid cell. Meiosis is a type of cellular reproduction where the numbers of chromosomes are reduced by half, because of the separation of homologous chromosomes, which results in the production of two haploid cells.

Male sex cell is referred as “spermatozoon” and female sex cell is referred as “ovum”.

The DNA in embryo splitting is contributed by germ cells from two individuals—the mother who contributed the egg and the father who contributed the sperm. Thus, the embryos, like those formed naturally or by standard IVF, have two parents. Their mitochondrial DNA is identical. Because this method of cloning is identical with the natural formation of monozygotic twins and, in rare cases, even quadruplets, it is not discussed in detail in this

Cells that are diploid have two sets of chromosomes, one coming from each parent. This kind of cell is most familiar to us because this is the way humans are genetically formed. However, the process of replicating and packaging those genes is more complex than most people realize. The process begins in the nucleus. The nucleus is the epicenter of control for the cell. In every nucleus there is a set of chromosomes with our genetic makeup attached to them. These chromosomes are essential to the life of the cell. Therefore, when cell division, or mitosis, or occurs, each cell gets a copy of the entire set of chromosomes, rather than just a part of them. Each phase of mitosis carries out a very specific task.

Sex Cells: Also known as Gametes, are the sperm cells in males and the eggs cells in females. These cells fuse in a process called fertilization , and the resulting cell (zygote) contains a mix of inherited genes from the father and mother.

During sexual reproduction, the haploid sperm and egg cells (gametes) combine to form a new cell which now has a complete set of paired chromosomes (diploid). A random half of the pair come from the mother, and the other half come from the father. Certain diseases and disorders may also be inherited as a result of genetic mutations.

Being male or female is determined in stages beginning at fertilization when the sex chromosomes carried by the sperms meet the egg. Females have XX chromosomes and Males have XY chromosomes. Having XX females and XY males provides a genetic framework for developmental events that eventually give us Male or female appearance.  The formation of reproductive structures we see in Males and females depend on several factors, this includes gene action and interaction within the embryo. Interactions with other embryos that may be in the uterus. As mentioned this process is not straightforward, having XX and XY does not always mean that individual is either male or female. The outcome depends on the distribution of genes on the X and Y chromosome. All eggs that are produced by females carry the X chromosomes, in males about half of the mature sperms curry the X chromosomes. An egg that is fertilized by a sperm that has the X chromosomes will have XX Zygote and will develop into a female